Fig 1.
Carboxylesterase E3 ChαE7 schematic view.
Comparison of exon and intron lengths and position between (A) L. cuprina and (B) C. hominivorax. Exons and introns were named according to L. cuprina (e = exon; I = intron) [27]. The position of primers used for gene region characterization (7F0a, RN2, 7FIn1 and 7R1aN) and for posterior populational analyses (7FIn2, RN2 and 7R3a) are indicated by blue and red arrows, respectively. RN2 is indicated by a green arrow (used for both characterization and population analyses).
Table 1.
NWS fly sampling locations.
Table 2.
Nucleotide composition of ChαE7 sequences from five NWS fly individuals and three Muscomorpha species.
Table 3.
General diversity indices for mitochondrial CR, COI, COII and ChαE7 data in NWS fly sampling locations.
Table 4.
AMOVA results for mitochondrial (CR, COI and COII) and ChαE7 genes.
Fig 2.
Structure analyses results for esterase data (K = 3).
(A) SAMOVA F indices. FCT: differentiation between groups; FSC: differentiation between sampling locations within groups; FST: differentiation between sites between groups. (B) Pie charts of the posterior probability to be from a group estimated by DAPC (i.e. Red, Yellow and Green) and SAMOVA grouping (i.e. I, II and III). SAMOVA groups (I, II and III), considered for posterior analyses, are defined by the grey, purple and blue contours.
Table 5.
Neutrality tests for mitochondrial (MIT) and ChαE7 sequence data.
Fig 3.
Mismatch distribution analyses results.
(A) Mitochondrial sequences considering the complete sample in a group. (B) ChαE7 sequences considering Group I. (C) ChαE7 sequences considering Group II. (D) ChαE7 sequences considering Group III from SAMOVA, respectively.
Fig 4.
Frequencies of polymorphic nucleotides related to the determination of susceptibility and resistance in the codons 137 and 251 of the ChαE7 sequence.
The structure in groups I, II and III (K = 3) was analyzed. Codons were named for the encoded amino acid, ChαE7 sequence position (amino acid number) and the nucleotide substitution of that codon (Gly137-G, Asp137-A, Trp251-G, Leu251-T and Ser251-C).
Table 6.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests for the two polymorphic codon positions related to the determination of susceptibility and resistance.
Table 7.
Fay and Wu’s H neutrality test for the ChαE7 gene.