Fig 1.
Experimental Carbonate Chemistry Treatments.
Carbonate chemistry treatments of Ωar and PCO2 (μatm), with pH (total) isopleths to illustrate the relationship among the three variables in the experiments. Grey circles are the actual treatment values, and star indicates the treatment chemistry of the control (freshly collected seawater bubbled with CO2-reduced air for 24 hours).
Table 1.
Carbonate chemistry of experimental treatments and control.
Fig 2.
Target and Measured DIC and Total Alkalinity.
The target and measured values of total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in μmol kg-1. The 1:1 line represents if our measured measured values were exactly aligned with the target values.
Fig 3.
Proportion Normal Shell Development.
The proportion of normally developed shells in relation to (A) PCO2, (B) pH, and (C) Ωaragonite. Greyscale symbols denote Ωar treatments in panels A and B, and the star is the control treatment. Error bars are standard deviations of the three replicate BOD bottles per treatment. See text for fit of model noted on panel C.
Table 2.
Shell Development ANOVA Table.
Analysis of variance of shell development data in response to the primary factors in the experiment, Ωar and PCO2.
Fig 4.
Shell length of normally developed larvae (48 hours post fertilization and exposure) in relation to (A) PCO2, (B) pH, and (C) Ωaragonite. Greyscale symbols denote Ωar treatments in panels A and B, and the star indicates control data. Error bars are standard deviations of the three replicate BOD bottles per treatment. See text for fit of model noted on panel C.
Fig 5.
Respiration rate of larvae immediately following the 48 hour post-fertilization and experimental period in response to (A) PCO2, (B) pH, and (C) Ωaragonite. Error bars are standard deviations of the five replicate experimental chambers per treatment. The grayscale in this graph represents the three pH categories for the treatments used in the reduced experimental matrix (see Table 1).
Fig 6.
Comparisons Among Respiration Treatments.
Respiration rates presented on a bar graph showing pairwise comparisons across all treatments, with the common line over values representing no significant difference. Error bars are standard errors. Note that values are arranged in increasing pH along the x-axis, and PCO2 and Ωar are included for each treatment. All values are in units previously noted.
Fig 7.
The proportion of larvae feeding 44 hours post-fertilization and exposure in relation to (A) PCO2, (B) pH, and (C) Ωaragonite. Greyscale symbols denote PCO2 treatments in panels B and C. Error bars are standard deviations of the three replicate experimental containers per treatment. Bold value on panel B indicates the significant linear relationship between pH and initiation of feeding for the high PCO2 treatment. As noted in the text, the removal of this high PCO2 treatment results in extremely poor fit of the response to pH.
Fig 8.
Reponses of Two Mussel Species to OA.
Comparison of normal shell development and shell length (insert) of normal larvae between M. californianus (black circles, this study) and M. galloprovincialis (open squares, from previous work by our group [20]). Error bars for both studies are standard deviations. Proportion normal data for M. californianus is been standardized to the control values make the data more comparable with the M. galloprovincialis study.