Fig 1.
Geographic location of fossil localities mentioned in the text.
Fig 2.
Chronological scheme with magnetostratigraphy, biozones and South American Stage/Age of the Pampean Region [42].
Fig 3.
Terminology for Pampatheriidae osteoderms [31].
A–B, semi-movable osteoderm of the Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov.; C, fixed osteoderm of the scapular buckler, illustrations of the Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MLP 54-III-16-1). Abbreviations: aas, anterior articular surface; af, anterior foramina; es, exposed surface; id, intermediate portion; lce, longitudinal central elevation; ld, longitudinal depressions; lf, lateral foramina; lm, lateral margins; me, marginal elevation; lp, lateral projection; ss, sutural surface. Scale bars = 50 mm.
Fig 4.
Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MLP 54-III-16-1).
Osteoderms from different regions of the carapace. A–D, fixed osteoderms of the scapular buckler; E, fixed osteoderm of the pelvic buckler; F–G, semi-movable osteoderms of the last row of the scapular buckler; H–K, movable osteoderms; L–M, semi-movable osteoderms of the first row of the pelvic buckler. Scale bars = 30 mm.
Fig 5.
Comparison of fixed osteoderms.
A, Scirrotherium hondaense (UCMP 37979), scale bars = 50 mm; B, S. antelucanus (CFM-2559), scale bars = 10 mm; C, S. carinatum (MLP 41-XII-13-905), scale bars = 30 mm; D, Kraglievichia paranensis (MLP 69-IX-8-13), scale bars = 30 mm; E, Vassallia minuta (MLP 69-XII-26-17), scale bars = 30 mm; F, Plaina intermedia (FMNH P 14424), scale bars = 30 mm; G, Pampatherium humboldtii (MLP 81-X-30-1), scale bars = 30 mm; H, Holmesina floridanus (UF 224397), scale bars = 30 mm; I, H. septentrionalis (AMNH 23435), scale bars = 30 mm; J, H. paulacouoti (holotype, MCL-501/110-126), scale bars = 30 mm.
Table 1.
Comparison of fixed osteoderms from the buckler of Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MLP 54-III-16-1) with other pampatheres.
Table 2.
Comparison of semi-movable and movable osteoderms of Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, MLP 54-III-16-1) with other pampatheres.
Fig 6.
Comparasion of movable osteoderms.
A, Scirrotherium hondaense (paratype, UCMP 40056), scale bars = 30 mm; B, S. carinatum (holotype, MLP 69-IX-8-13AB), scale bars = 30 mm; C, S. antelucanus (holotype, CFM-2867), scale bars = 10 mm; D, Kraglievichia paranensis (MLP 69-IX-8-13), scale bars = 30 mm; E, Holmesina floridanus (UF 224397), scale bars = 30 mm; F, Plaina intermedia (FMNH P 14424), scale bars = 30 mm; G, Pampatherium typum (MLP 52-IX-28-20), scale bars = 30 mm; H, P. mexicanum (holotype, INAH 6201), scale bars = 30 mm; I, H. occidentalis (ROM 28392), scale bars = 30 mm; J, H. septentrionalis (AMNH 23435), scale bars = 30 mm; K, H. paulacoutoi (holotype, MCL 501/110-126), scale bars = 30 mm.
Fig 7.
Cranial and postcranial elements of Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov (holotype, MLP 54-III-16-1).
A–B, lateral and ventral view of the temporal region; C–E, anterior view of the thoracic vertebrae; D–F, posterior view of the thoracic vertebrae. Scale bars = 50 mm.
Fig 8.
Cranial and postcranial elements of Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov (holotype, MLP 54-III-16-1).
Drawing of the anatomical structures mentioned in the text. A–B, temporal region lateral and ventral views, scale bars = 50 mm. D–F, thoracic vertebrae posterior views, scale bars = 20 mm. Abbreviations: as, alisphenoid; az, anterior zygapophyseal facet; dp, diapophysis; eam, external auditory meatus; fo, foramen ovale; gf, glenoid fossa; lca, lateral centrum articulation; mp, metapophysis; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pm, pars mastoidea; pz, posterior zygapophyseal facet; rf, rib facet; sp, spinous process sq, squamosal; vc, vertebral centrum; vf, vascular formanina; zpsq, zygomatic process of the squamosal.
Table 3.
Comparison of the last thoracic vertebrae.
Fig 9.
Postcranial elements of Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov. (MLP 54-III-16-1).
A–B, anterior and posterior view of the right femur; C–D, anterior and posterior view of the right patella. Scale bars = 50 mm.
Fig 10.
Postcranial elements of Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov. (MLP 54-III-16-1).
Drawing of the anatomical structures mentioned in the text. A–B, anterior and posterior view of the right femur; C–D, anterior and posterior view of the right patella. Abbreviations: as, articular surface; ax, apex; be, base; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; le, lateral epicondyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; me, medial epicondyle lateral; ps, patella surface, tf, trochanteric fossa; tt, third trochanter. Scale bars = 50 mm.
Fig 11.
Comparison of the right femur of the other pampatheres.
A–B, Kraglievichia paranensis (MLP 69-IX-8-13A) anterior and posterior view, scale bars = 30 mm; C–D, Holmesina floridana (UF 24918) anterior and posterior view, scale bars = 30 mm; E–F, Scirrotherium antelucanus (CFM-1639) anterior and posterior view, scale bars = 50 mm; G–H, Pampatherium humboldtii (MCL 900/05), scale bars = 50 mm; I–J, H. paulacoutoi (holotype, MCL 501/08), scale bars = 50 mm.
Table 4.
Comparison of the femur of Tonnicinctus mirus gen. et sp. nov. with other pampatheres.