Fig 1.
Spatial variation in ecological diversity (ED).
ED was estimated by summing the Gower index values that quantified the pairwise dissimilarity between co-occurring species in each cell, and dividing this number by the total number of pairs in each 110 x 110 km-cell of the grid map. Scale units run between 0 (maximum similarity) and 1 (minimum similarity). For primates, all calculations were based on genus pairs. Rivers are drawn as brown lines and national borders are shown in grey. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection.
Fig 2.
Spatial variation in the coefficient of variation of ecological diversity (EDcv).
EDcv was calculated as the ratio of standard deviation in Gower Index and mean Gower Index for each 110 x 110 km-cell of the grid map and was reported as a percentage. Rivers are drawn as brown lines and national borders are shown in grey. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection.
Fig 3.
Spatial variation in phylogenetic diversity (AvPD).
AvPD was estimated as the sum of the branch lengths in the phylogeny connecting all pairs of coexisting taxa (= species for all mammal groups, genera for primates), and dividing this number by the total number of pairs in each 110 x 110 km-cell of the grid map. Rivers are drawn as brown lines and national borders are shown in grey. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection.
Fig 4.
Spatial variation in taxonomic richness (TR).
TR was calculated as the total number of species counted in each 110 x 110 km-cell of the grid map. Genera richness was calculated for primates. Rivers are drawn as brown lines and national borders are shown in grey. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection.
Fig 5.
The relationship between ED and TR examined out of the geographical context.
ED is ecological diversity and TR is taxonomic richness.
Fig 6.
The relationship between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and taxonomic richness (TR).
The relationship is examined out of the geographical context.
Fig 7.
Relationship between ecological diversity (ED) and phylogenetic diversity (AvPD).
The relationship is examined out of the geographical context.
Fig 8.
Local coefficients of determination (R2) obtained from geographically weighted regression (GWR).
The local R2 coefficients indicate the proportion of variation in ecological diversity (ED) that was accounted for by phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) while controlling for differences in taxonomic richness (TR). Closed black lines denote areas of R2 higher than 0.4. The area enclosed by a dotted line in xenarthrans showed R2 equal to or lower than 0.4. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection.
Fig 9.
Local beta coefficients (b) of the effect of phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) on ecological diversity (ED).
Local beta coefficients were obtained from geographically weighted regression (GWR) controlling for differences in taxonomic richness (TR). Closed black lines denote areas with coefficients of determination (R2) higher than 0.4. The area enclosed by a dotted line in xenarthrans showed R2 equal to or lower than 0.4. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection.
Fig 10.
The residuals of ecological diversity (ED) obtained from geographically weighted regression (GWR).
The residuals were obtained after fitting the models where phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) accounted for variation in ED, while controlling for differences in taxonomic richness (TR). Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection.