Table 1.
Surface water samples.
Table 2.
Wastewater samples.
Fig 1.
Resistant and multi-drug resistant E. coli in surface water (A) and wastewater (B).
For each group of isolates from surface water (A) and wastewater (B), percentages of isolates resistant to 0, or 1 to 7 different antimicrobial classes are shown. On the x-axis, indicated between brackets (n = x;y;z) are the number of isolates (x), the number of samples (y), and the number of sample locations (z). MDR = multidrug resistant, i.e. resistant to three or more different classes of antimicrobials, AMR = antimicrobial resistant, i.e. resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials. For airport wastewater results from influent and effluent were combined because of small sample sizes. **P<0.01 relative to surface water values, Pearson Chi-Square Test.
Table 3.
AMR resistance and relative distribution of resistance types among E. coli from different water sources and livestock
Table 4.
Characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from wastewater chains.
Fig 2.
Bacterial concentrations in surface waters (A) and waste water (B).
For purpose of comparison with concentrations of ESBL-producing E. coli which were only determined in samples from 2010 onwards, in (A), samples taken prior to 2010 are indicated in black, and samples taken from 2010 onwards are indicated in white. In (B), grey symbols indicate HCI wastewater, black symbols indicate WWTP influents, and white symbols indicate WWTP effluents. Horizontal bars indicate median values. Samples with concentrations below the detection limit (E. coli: <10 cfu/ml, ESBL-E. coli:.<1.5 cfu/ml) are represented by symbols on the x-axis.