Fig 1.
COI maximum likelihood phylogeny of Antarctic sponges (in bold face) belonging Order Hadromerida, Haplosclerida, Halichondrida, Spirophorida, Poecilosclerida (non-chelae bearing).
For visualization, subtrees containing Antarctic sponges were pruned from the complete phylogenetic tree that included all sequences analyzed (i.e. GenBank + sequences from this study). Orders are indicated for each subtree. Bootstrap support is given near each branch of the tree. Specimens originally classified as a different species using morphology and reclassified after DNA-barcoding or presenting molecular-morphological discrepancies are in red (see Table 1). Specimens belonging the Spirophorida were sequenced for this study but were already published by Szitenberg et al. 2013.
Fig 2.
COI maximum likelihood phylogeny of Antarctic sponges (in bold face) belonging Order Poecilosclerida (chelae-bearing).
For visualization, subtrees containing Antarctic sponges were pruned from the complete phylogenetic tree that included all sequences analyzed (i.e. GenBank + sequences from this study). Bootstrap support is given near each branch of the tree. Specimens originally classified as a different species using morphology and reclassified after DNA-barcoding or presenting molecular-morphological discrepancies are in red (see Table 1).
Fig 3.
Sponge phylogenetic diversity for seven marine provinces in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Ross Sea.
Upper figure: exclusive and inclusive phylogenetic diversity for each province. Lower figure: rarified inclusive phylogenetic diversity per marine province analyzed.
Fig 4.
Classification accuracy (assignment risk) of the standard DNA-barcoding fragment (COI) for 51 species of Antarctic sponges.
Species were taxonomically identified using morphological characters and the assignment risk was assessed using leave-one-out validation. The risk values from different runs were range standardized to make them comparable. In general, a query species is assigned to the candidate species of minimum risk. Candidate species refer to sequences in the DNA-barcoding database used to classify undetermined (query) sequences. Query species are the true species of the queried sequence used to test the classification accuracy of the COI for sponge determination. The Heatplot was done in R using the results obtained from SSA.
Table 1.
Examples of potential misidentifications, contaminations or cases in which a taxonomic re-evaluation resulted in a corroboration of the molecular results obtained using DNA barcoding.
Fig 5.
Distribution of the stations sampled during New Zealand's BioRoss (2004, TAN0402; red dots) and IPY-CAML (2008, TAN0802; blue dots) expeditions to the Ross Sea.