Table 1.
Anthropometric, physiological, training and performance characteristics (means ± SD) of the 8 male and 8 female elite cross-country skiers who participated in the study.
Fig 1.
Illustration of the set-ups for upper-body poling (A) and pull-down strength (B).
Fig 2.
Power output, work per cycle, cycle rate and velocities of trunk flexion, shoulder extension and elbow flexion (negative value) and elbow extension (positive value) for the 8 male and 8 female cross-country skiers during upper-body poling at submaximal intensity (submax), and during a 3-min maximal performance test (3-min) and a 30-sec all-out test (30-sec).
Table 2.
Relative power output and kinematics (means ± SD) for the 8 male and 8 female elite cross-country skiers during upper-body poling at submaximal intensity and during a 3-min maximal performance and 30-sec all-out test.
Table 3.
Physiological responses (means ± SD) of the 8 male and 8 female elite cross-country skiers during upper-body poling at submaximal intensity and during a 3-min maximal performance and 30-sec all-out test.
Table 4.
Total body, lean and fat mass of the 8 male and 8 female elite cross-country skiers, presented as absolute and percentage values, and relative to total body mass (%TBM) (means ± SD).
Table 5.
Characteristics of the training during the six months prior to testing (May-October) as reported by the 8 male and 8 female elite cross-country skiers.