Fig 1.
Brazilian Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata ranges and sampling locations of parental and hybrid populations.
Orange and light blue areas represent C. jacchus and C. penicillata ranges, respectively, based on 2014 IUCN Red List Spatial Data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data). Thatched grey suggests region of C. penicillata presence based on Rylands et al. (1993, 2009) and our observations from this study. Degrees of longitude and latitude are, respectively, represented by the x- and the y-axes.
Table 1.
Summary of sampled individuals of C. penicillata and C. jacchus from US captive and Brazilian wild pure populations and hybrid zones.
Fig 2.
Detail of the Petrolina-Juazeiro natural hybrid zone.
We sampled within the hybrid zone along an approximately 50 km transect paralleling the São Francisco River. Three sites were found to the south of the river: (1) Universidade do Estado da Bahia; (2) Chácara do Senhor Conrado dos Santos; and (3) Recanto do Sessego. Six sites were found to the north of the river: (4) Sítio Porto da Cruz; (5) Rio Verde; (6) Sítio Picos; (7) Sítio Carnaíba; (8) Chácara Galo da Briga; and (9) Chácara Bom Jesus.
Fig 3.
Detail of Rio de Janeiro State anthropogenic hybrid zone.
We sampled within the zone along an approximately 30 km transect paralleling highway BR-101. Four sites were found to the south of the highway: (1) Boa Esperança; (2) House U; (3) Rio Vermelho I; and (4) Rio Vermelho II. Four sites were found to the north of the highway: (5) Fazenda dos Tamarins; (6) Pesque Pague; (7) Ponto do Camarão; and (8) Fazenda Afetiva.
Table 2.
Averages of various genetic diversity indices for C. penicillata and C. jacchus and hybrid groups.
Table 3.
Pair-wise FST indices.
Fig 4.
PCA of microsatellite allele frequencies.
Plot of first and second components from the PCA showing genetic differences in terms of microsatellite multilocus genotypes between marmoset parental species and hybrid zone samples. Individual C. jacchus are colored in green, individual C. penicillata are colored in purple, and individuals from the PJ and RJ hybrid zones, respectively, are colored blue and orange.
Table 4.
Eigenvalues from PCA of genetic variation between parental species and populations from hybrid zones.
Fig 5.
Admixture plots resulting from cluster analysis.
A) Plots of C. jacchus and C. penicillata admixture within the two hybrid zones as assigned by STRUCTURE. The two hybrid zones are labeled by their initials. B) Plots of C. jacchus and C. penicillata BAPS admixture probabilities. Plots are divided by reference C. penicillata individuals (P), reference C. jacchus (J), and the hybrid zones labeled by their initials. In both plots, purple and green bar proportions indicate C. penicillata and C. jacchus ancestry, respectively. Within the PJ and RJ panels, black lines separate individual capture sites within each hybrid zone, following the order given in Fig 2 for the PJ zone and Fig 3 for the RJ zone. White lines within each hybrid zone panel separate the southern and northern portions of each hybrid zone. Also, in panel A, CEMAFAUNA captive marmosets are found between the two white lines.
Fig 6.
Combined results from microsatellite cluster analysis and mtDNA data from Malukiewicz et al. [23].
Panels A-D are separated by the PJ natural hybrid zone/RJ anthropogenic hybrid zone and STRUCTURE/ BAPS microsatellite q-values and coupled with mtDNA haplotypes from Malukiewicz et al. [23]. The x-axis shows individual PJ and RJ collection sites, which are numbered the same as in Figs 2 and 3. The y-axis indicates the level of C. penicillata ancestry. The dashed lines indicate a south/north hybrid zone divide in each figure panel. Purple indicates C. penicillata mtDNA haplotypes and green indicates C. jacchus mtDNA haplotypes.