Fig 1.
DAG summarizes the established and hypothesized causal relationships among variables under study.
Table 1.
Weighted, age- and sex-adjusted demographic and clinical characteristics by smoking status for Korean adults without diabetes, aged 19 years and older (2011–2012 KNHANES).
Table 2.
Weighted, multivariable-adjusted mean HbA1c (%) levels in Korean adults without diabetes by smoking status.
Table 3.
Regression parameters from unweighted linear regression models to predict HbA1c levels in Korean adults without diabetes (n = 10,241).
Table 4.
Estimates of association from weighted logistic regression models to predict the risks of HbA1c ≥ 5.7% or ≥ 6.1% in Korean adults without diabetes (n = 10,241).
Table 5.
Estimates of association from weighted logistic regression models to predict the risks of HbA1c ≥ 5.7% or ≥ 6.1% in Korean adults without diabetes after exclusion of subjects with HbA1c ≥6.5% (n = 10,026).