Fig 1.
Geographic overview, showing the location of the Cordebugle site.
Fig 2.
Residual colour patterns revealed in molluscs from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados).
(A, B) Pseudomelania brasili (Bigot, 1938), MNHN.F.A46213 (Bigot coll.). (A) in natural light. (B) under UV light. (C, D) Neocrassina ovata (Smith, 1817), MNHN.F.J10473 (Cossmann coll.). (C) in natural light. (D) under UV light. Seen under UV light, fluorescent areas correspond to areas with residual pigmentation while dark areas correspond to unpigmented regions. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Fig 3.
Descriptive terminology for the elements of colour patterns.
(A, B) Pseudomelania brasili (Bigot, 1938), MNHN.F.J10471 (Cossmann coll.). (A) dorso-labral view. (B) detailed view of the colour pattern. (C) P. brasili, MNHN.F.A46213 (Bigot coll.), apertural view. (D) Gerasimovcyclus cf. lorioli (Schmidt, 1905), MNHN.F.J10402 (Cossmann coll.), dorsal view. (E, F) Ataphrus (Ataphrus) marschmidti Gründel and Kaim, 2006, MNHN.F.J11070 (Cossmann coll.). (E) labral view. (F) detailed view of the colour pattern. (G) Myophorella nodulosa (Lamarck, 1801), UPMC-138 (UPMC coll.), left valve view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, C, E, G), 5 mm (B, D), 2 mm (F).
Fig 4.
(A) Descriptive terminology for the incorporation process of pigments. ia: incorporation area. ge: growing edge. ip: incorporation phase. (B-E) Examples of incorporation processes. (B) Continuous incorporation of pigments over space and time. (C) Continuous incorporation of pigments over space, along the entire growing edge, and discontinuous and recurrent over time. (D) Discontinuous incorporation of pigments over space, at several areas along the growing edge, and continuous over time. (E) Discontinuous incorporation of pigments over space, and discontinuous and recurrent over time.
Fig 5.
Residual colour patterns in Vetigastropoda and Neritimorpha.
(A-G, I-K) Gastropods from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados). (A, B) Ataphrus (Ataphrus) marschmidti Gründel and Kaim, 2006, MNHN.F.J11070 (Cossmann coll.). (A) apertural view. (B) labral view. (C) A. (A.) marschmidti, MNHN.F.J11074 (Cossmann coll.), apical view. (D) A. (A.) marschmidti, UPMC-136 (Le Marchand coll.), apertural view. (E) A. (Endianaulax) sarahae (Chavan, 1954), UPMC-137 (Le Marchand coll.), dorsal view. (F, G) Gerasimovcyclus cf. lorioli (Schmidt, 1905), MNHN.F.J10402 (Cossmann coll.). (F) apertural view. (G) dorsal view. (H) Calliomphalus (Calliomphalus) squamulosus (Lamarck, 1804) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin showing red fluorescence, MNHN.F.A24999 (Pacaud coll.), dorsal view. (I, J) Neridomus ovula (Buvignier, 1843), MNHN.F.A32286 (de Morgan coll.), dorso-labral view. (I) in natural light. (J) under UV light. (K), Neridomus sp., MNHN.F.A32268 (de Morgan coll.), dorso-labral view. (L, M) Pseudodostia pentastoma (Deshayes, 1864) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin, MNHN.F.A31564 (Faullummel coll.), labral view. (L) in natural light. (M) under UV light. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B, C, D, F, G), 2 mm (E, L, M), 10 mm (H, I, J, K).
Fig 6.
Residual colour pattern of Pseudomelania brasili (Bigot, 1938) from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados).
(A, B) MNHN.F.J10471 (Cossmann coll.). (A) dorso-labral view. (B) detailed view of the colour pattern. (C-E) MNHN.F.J10208 (Cossmann coll.). (C) dorsal view. (D) detailed view of the colour pattern. (E) detailed view of the colour pattern in apertural view. (F, G) MNHN.F.J10468 (Cossmann coll.). (F) dorsal view. (G) detailed view of the colour pattern. (H-J) MNHN.F.A46213 (Bigot coll.). (H) apertural view. (I) detailed view of the colour pattern. (J) labral view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, C, E, F, H, J), 5 mm (B, D, I), 2 mm (G).
Fig 7.
Colour pattern variants of Pseudomelania brasili (Bigot, 1938) from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados).
(A-C) MNHN.F.A46213 (Bigot coll.). (A) apertural view. (B, C) detailed views of the colour pattern. (D) MNHN.F.J10208 (Cossmann coll.), detailed view of the colour pattern in apertural view. (E, F) UPMC-133 (Curet coll.). (E) apertural view. (F) detailed view of the colour pattern. (G) UPMC-135 (UPMC coll.), juvenile individual in labral view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, D, E), 5 mm (C, F), 2 mm (B, G).
Fig 8.
Residual colour pattern of Pseudomelania cornelia (d’Orbigny, 1851) from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados).
(A-F) Pseudomelania cornelia. (A-D) MNHN.F.A45819 (Bigot coll.). (A) dorsal view. (B) detailed view of the colour pattern. (C) labral view. (D) detailed view of the colour pattern. (E, F) UPMC-134 (Curet coll.). (E) ablabral view. (F) detailed view of the colour pattern. (G, H) Mitreola maxwelli (Le Renard, 1994) from the Lutetian of the Paris basin, a volutid showing similar patches. (G), MNHN.F.B64860 (MNHN coll.), dorsal view. (H) MNHN.F.A25041 (Faullummel coll.), dorsal view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, C, E), 5 mm (B, D, F-H).
Fig 9.
Residual colour pattern of Pseudomelania collisa (de Loriol, 1874) from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados).
(A-C) UPMC-131 (Le Marchand coll.). (A) apertural view. (B) labro-dorsal view. (C) dorsal view. (D, E) UPMC-130 (Le Marchand coll.). (D) apertural view. (E) detailed view of the colour pattern. (F, G) UPMC-132 (UPMC coll.). (F) juvenile in apertural view. (G) juvenile in ablabral view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A-D), 5 mm (E), 2 mm (F, G).
Fig 10.
Residual colour pattern of Ampullina clio (d’Orbigny, 1850) from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados).
(A-L) Ampullina clio. (A-E) MNHN.F.J10210 (Cossmann coll.). (A) ablabral view. (B) detailed view of the colour pattern. (C) apertural view. (D) detailed view of the colour pattern. (E) aperturo-labral view. (F, G) MNHN.F.J10426 (Cossmann coll.). (F) apertural view. (G) detailed view of the colour pattern. (H, I) MNHN.F.J10425 (Cossmann coll.). (H) dorsal view. (I) labro-dorsal view. (J, K) MNHN.F.A46211 (Bigot coll.). (J) dorsal view. (K) detailed view of the colour pattern. (L) MNHN.F.A30347 (de Morgan coll.), dorsal view. (M-P) Gastropods from the Eocene of the Paris basin showing a similar meshwork pattern. (M) Globularia (Globularia) patuloides (Cossmann and Pissarro, 1902), MNHN.F.A31162 (Faullummel coll., Bartonian), dorsal view. (N) Diameza (Miniseraphs) eratoides (Cossmann, 1889), MNHN.F.A28934 (Pacaud coll., Lutetian), dorsal view. (O) D. (Diameza) fragilis (Defrance, 1825), MNHN.F.A28939 (Pacaud coll., Lutetian), dorsal view. (P) D. (Miniseraphs) isabella (Bernay in Deshayes, 1865), MNHN.F.A28936 (Pacaud coll., Lutetian), dorsal view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, C, D, E, H-J, M), 5 mm (B, F, G, K, O), 2 mm (M, N).
Fig 11.
Residual colour pattern of Cloughtonia abbreviata (Römer, 1836) from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados).
(A-G) Cloughtonia abbreviata. (A, B) MNHN.F.J10209 (Cossmann coll.). (A) apertural view. (B) dorsal view. (C) MNHN.F.A32267 (Bigot coll.), aperturo-labral view. (D) MNHN.F.A32265 (Bigot coll.), dorsal view. (E-G) MNHN.F.A32266 (Bigot coll.). (E) dorsal view. (F) ablabral view. (G) labro-dorsal view. (H) Pachycrommium sp. (ampullinid) from the Ypresian of the Paris Basin showing similar axial stripes. MNHN.F.A30482 (Pacaud coll.), dorsal view. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Fig 12.
Residual colour patterns of gastropod species belonging to the clades Cerithioidea and Heterobranchia.
(A-M) Gastropods from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados). (A, B) Nerineopsis boidini (de Loriol, 1874), MNHN.F.J04464 (Cossmann coll.). (A) apertural view. (B) labral view. (C) Paracerithium echinophorum Cossmann, 1913, UPMC-141 (Le Marchand coll.), apertural view. (D) P. echinophorum, UPMC-142 (Le Marchand coll.), labral view. (E, F) Exelissa diacritica Cossmann, 1913, MNHN.F.J10445 (Cossmann coll.). (E) apertural view. (F) dorsal view. (G) E. diacritica, MNHN.F.J10443 (Cossmann coll.), dorsal view. (H) E. diacritica, MNHN.F.J10447 (Cossmann coll.), apertural view. (I) E. diacritica, MNHN.F.J10446 (Cossmann coll.) apertural view. (J) E. diacritica, MNHN.F.J11595 (Cossmann coll.), dorsal view. (K) Exelissa distans Cossmann, 1913, MNHN.F.A32270 (de Morgan coll.), ablabral view. (L, M) E. distans, UPMC-143 (Le Marchand coll.). (L) apertural view. (M) dorsal view. (N, O) Cerithioid gastropods from the Lutetian of the Paris basin for comparisons. (N) Granulolabium (Granulolabium) multinodosum (Deshayes, 1833), MNHN.F.A31733 (Faullummel coll.), labral view. (O) Vicinocerithium calcitrapoides (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN.F.A31096 (MNHN coll.), apertural view. (P-S) Pseudonerinea caecilia (d’Orbigny, 1851) from the Oxfordian of Calvados (Cordebugle). (P, Q) MNHN.F.J10466 (Cossmann coll.). (P) dorsal view. (Q) detailed view of the colour pattern. (R, S) MNHN.F.J11591 (Cossmann coll.). (R) dorso-ablabral view. (S) ablabral view. Scale bars: 10 mm (N, O, P), 5 mm (E-M, Q), 2 mm (A-D, R, S).
Fig 13.
Residual colour patterns of bivalve species (Trigonioidea and Lucinoidea) from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados).
(A-M) Bivalves from the Oxfordian of Calvados (Cordebugle). (A) Myophorella nodulosa (Lamarck, 1801), UPMC-139 (UPMC coll.), left valve view. (B) M. nodulosa, UPMC-138 (UPMC coll.), left valve view. (C) M. nodulosa, UPMC-140 (UPMC coll.), left valve view. (D) Mesolinga typica Chavan, 1952, MNHN.F.J11589 (Cossmann coll.), left valve view. (E) M. typica, MNHN.F.J11590 (Cossmann coll.), right valve view. (F, G) Mesomiltha pulchra (Zittel and Goubert, 1861), UPMC-144 (Le Marchand coll.). (F) left valve view. (G) detailed view of the colour pattern. (H, I) Jagonoma circumcisa (Zittel and Goubert, 1861), MNHN.F.J11586 (Cossmann coll.). (H) right valve view. (I) detailed view of the colour pattern. (J) J. circumcisa, MNHN.F.J11588 (Cossmann coll.), left valve view. (K) J. circumcisa, MNHN.F.J11587 (Cossmann coll.), left valve view. (L, M) J. circumcisa, MNHN.F.J11585 (Cossmann coll.). (L) right valve view. (M) detailed view of the colour pattern. (N-P) Bivalves from the Lutetian of the Paris basin showing similar commarginal stripes. (N) Pseudomiltha (Pseudomiltha) mutabilis (Lamarck, 1807), MNHN.F.A25068 (Faullummel coll.), left valve view. (O, P) Katelysia (Textivenus) scobinellata (Lamarck, 1806). (O) MNHN.F.A31917 (Faullummel coll.), right valve view. (P) MNHN.F.A31910 (Faullummel coll.), right valve view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A-C, J, K, N), 5 mm (D-F, H, L, O, P), 2 mm (G, I, M).
Fig 14.
Residual colour patterns of bivalve species (Crassatelloidea, Sphaerioidea and Mytiloidea) from the Oxfordian of Calvados.
(A-J) Bivalves from the Oxfordian of Cordebugle (Calvados). (A-C) Neocrassina ovata (Smith, 1817). (A) MNHN.F.J10472 (Cossmann coll.), left valve view. (B) MNHN.F.J10473 (Cossmann coll.), left valve view. (C) MNHN.F.J11075 (Cossmann coll.), right valve view. (D) Nicaniella communis (Zittel and Goubert, 1861), MNHN.F.J10474 (Cossmann coll.), left valve view. (E, F) Nicaniella bruni Chavan, 1952. (E) UPMC-145 (UPMC coll.), right valve view. (F) UPMC-146 (UPMC coll.), left valve view. (G) Nicaniella morini (de Loriol, 1875), UPMC-147 (UPMC coll.), left valve view. (H) Neomiodon percrassus Chavan, 1945, UPMC-148 (UPMC coll.), left valve view. (I, J) Modiolus imbricatus Sowerby, 1818, UPMC-149 (UPMC coll.). (I) left valve view. (J) view of the anterior part of the valve. (K-O) Bivalves from the Lutetian of the Paris basin showing similar radial stripes. (K) Pitar (Paradione) lunularia (Deshayes, 1825), MNHN.F.A25079 (Faullummel coll.), right valve view. (L) Costacallista laevigata (Lamarck, 1806), MNHN.F.A25081 (Faullummel coll.), left valve view. (M) Nuculana (Saccella) striata (Lamarck, 1805), MNHN.F.A31834 (Faullummel coll.), left valve view. (N) Musculus (Planimodiola) sulcatus (Lamarck, 1805), MNHN.F.A31975 (Faullummel coll.), left valve view. (O) Nuculana (Nuculana) terminalis Deshayes, 1858, MNHN.F.A31835 (Faullummel coll.), left valve view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A-C, K, L, N), 5 mm (H-J, M, O), 2 mm (D-G).