Fig 1.
Experimental configurations of (a) the nebulization-thermal drying process used to fabricate E. japonica extract nanoparticle-coated filters, and (b) the antimicrobial filters, and pressure drop and filtration tests.
Fig 2.
(a) Particle size distribution of natural E. japonica extract nanoparticles and residues from methanol, and (b) the fractional deposition efficiency of control filters and scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the nanoparticles.
Error bars indicate standard deviations (n = 3).
Fig 3.
The pressure drop through the antimicrobial air filters is shown as a function of particle deposition conditions.
Error bars indicate standard deviations (n = 3).
Table 1.
Concentrations, GSD, GMD, and peak diameters of test bacterial bioaerosols (n = 3).
Fig 4.
The inactivation rate of E. japonica extract nanoparticles-coated filters on bacterial aerosols.
Error bars indicate standard deviations (n = 3).
Fig 5.
The inhibitory effects of E. japonica and a soluble nickel compound (SNC) on A549 cancer and HEL 299 cells.
Error bars indicate standard deviations (n = 10) 1Half maximal inhibitory concentration, 2A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells, 3HEL 299 human lung fibroblast cells.
Fig 6.
A comparison of the antimicrobial activity of E. japonica and SNC using the disk diffusion method (n = 5).