Fig 1.
Nosema spores developing intracellularly in the midgut cells of bees at an early pre-pupal stage.
(a-f) Images are shown at relative magnifications from 400-1400X, and scale bars correspond to 50 μm. The abbreviations refer to the following: lu = lumen (interior of midgut), bm = basement membrane, sp = Nosema spore, and n = midgut cell nucleus (relatively large blue-green ovoid structures shown in part b).
Table 1.
Detailed spore count data for pre-pupae and adults. Mean spore counts ± 1 standard error are shown in Fig 2a and 2b.
Fig 2.
Nosema ceranae spore counts in pre-pupae and adults.
Effect of larval exposure to N. ceranae on midgut spore count in (a) pre-pupae and (b) adults upon death. (a) The average number of spores per bee midgut is shown. Error bars show standard errors. Different letters indicate significantly different treatments. (b) A higher percentage of bees fed N. ceranae as larvae were infected as (c) pre-pupae and (d) adults. These graphs show the percentage of bees with different levels of infection.
Fig 3.
Effect of larval exposure to N. ceranae on adult survival.
Survival curves for the treatments are shown. A total of 238 individuals from four different colonies emerged as adults and were monitored in cages to measure survival.