Fig 1.
Chemical structure of chrysin (5,7 dihydroxy flavone).
Table 1.
Effect of chrysin treatment on some physiological parameters in rats with adenine-induced chronic kidney disease.
Fig 2.
Effect of chrysin treatment on creatinine clearance, plasma concentrations of creatinine, urea and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urinary albumin concentration and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in control rats and rats treated either singly or concomitantly with either adenine (ADE) or chrysin (C) at doses of 10, 50 or 250 mg/kg.
Each column and vertical bar is a mean ± SEM (n = 6).
Fig 3.
Effect of chrysin treatment on either renal concentration or activity of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase (CAT) in control rats and rats treated either singly or concomitantly with either adenine (ADE) or chrysin (C) at doses of 10, 50 or 250 mg/kg.
Each column and vertical bar is a mean ± SEM (n = 6).
Table 2.
Effect of chrysin on the activities of some enzymes in plasma rats with adenine-induced chronic kidney disease.
Fig 4.
Effect of chrysin treatment on plasma concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and cystatin in control rats and rats treated either singly or concomitantly with either adenine (ADE) or chrysin (C) at doses of 10, 50 or 250 mg/kg.
Each column and vertical bar is a mean ± SEM (n = 6).
Fig 5.
Effect of chrysin treatment on plasma concentrations of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α), sclerostin adiponectin, interleukin–one beta (IL-1β) and endothelin in control rats and rats treated either singly or concomitantly with either adenine (ADE) or chrysin (C) at doses of 10, 50 or 250 mg/kg.
Each column and vertical bar is a mean ± SEM (n = 6).
Fig 6.
The blot key from left to right in panel A shows both the un-cleaved (37KDa) and cleaved (25KDa) caspase-3 bands in kidney homogenates from rats after their treatment with chrysin 10 mg/kg, chrysin 10 mg/kg + adenine, chrysin 50 mg/kg, chrysin 50 mg/kg + adenine, chrysin 250 mg/kg, chrysin 250 mg/kg + adenine, saline (control), and adenine using Western blot analysis.
The graph in panel B represents the densitometry measurement of both the un-cleaved and cleaved caspase-3 bands in kidney homogenates from all treated and non-treated rats.
Fig 7.
Effect of chrysin on adenine-induced morphological changes in the kidney.
Representative pictures of kidney slices of the control group, the adenine group, the chrysin 10mg/kg group and the adenine plus chrysin 10 mg/kg group used for semi-quantitative scoring of inflammation and fibrosis. (A) HE staining used for the identification and semi-quantitative scoring of inflammation. The black slender arrows point to examples of leucocyte infiltration (20-fold magnification). (B) PAS staining, used for the identification and semi-quantitative scoring of atrophy of the basal membrane and dilatations. The white filled arrows point to examples of atrophic basal membranes (20-fold magnification). (C) MT staining, used for identification and semi-quantitative scoring of fibrosis. The black filled arrows point to collagen deposition, characteristic for fibrosis (20-fold magnification).
Table 3.
Effect pf chrysin on kidney morphology in rats with adenine-induced kidney chronic disease.