Fig 1.
On Day 1 participants were tested on the knowledge of the meaning of the words they were about to study. In the study phase, 64 novel and 64 known written words were studied, with their definitions (meaning) presented in written or spoken format (Modality = between-participants factor). Half of the studied words served as primes in a primed lexical decision task (pLDT) on Day 1 and the other half on Day 2 (Day = within-participants factor). Both pLDTs were followed by a meaning recall and meaning recognition test of the words that had just been used as primes in the pLDT. An example trial of a related prime-target pair in the pLDT is shown in the lower part of the figure; participants had to indicate whether a target was an existing Dutch word or not (lexical decision), and the target (e.g., gewei = antlers in Dutch) was primed with one of the studied words (e.g., sambar).
Table 1.
Example for Each Type of Word Pair Used in the primed Lexical Decision Task.
Table 2.
Mean Percentage (SD) of Word Meanings Responded as Known.
Table 3.
Mean Reaction Times (SD) and Mean Priming Effects (SD) in the primed Lexical Decision Task.
Fig 2.
Mean priming effects (± standard error of the mean) for: novel and known primes (left), novel primes separately for written and spoken study modality (middle), and known primes separately for the two modalities (right). Participant-specific priming effects were calculated by subtracting the mean RT for semantically related from the mean RT for semantically unrelated targets.