Fig 1.
Measurements used to study the new Cichlidogyrus species.
(DB) dorsal transverse bar: (h) length of dorsal bar auricle, (w) dorsal bar maximum width, (x) dorsal bar total length, (y) distance between auricles. (A) anchor: (a) anchor total length, (b) anchor blade length, (c) anchor shaft length, (d) anchor guard length, (e) anchor point length (both dorsal and ventral anchors were examined). (MA) male apparatus: (Ap) accessory piece length, (Pe) penis total length, (He) heel length. (U) uncinuli length. (VB) ventral transverse bar: (w) ventral bar maximum width, (x) length of one ventral bar branch.
Fig 2.
PCA on meristics of the inter-specific analysis.
PC2 vs. PC1 of a PCA on 16 meristics from 114 specimens belonging to the six Simochromis and Pseudosimochromis species.
Table 1.
PCA on meristics of the inter-specific analysis.
Table 2.
Summary of meristics of the different Simochromis and Pseudosimochromis species.
Fig 3.
Gill arches of Simochromis and Pseudosimochromis species.
From left to right: P. curvifrons, S. babaulti, S. marginatus, S. margaretae and S. diagramma. Specimens illustrated are listed in Appendix.
Fig 4.
PCA on measurements of the inter-specific analysis.
PC2 of a PCA on the 20 measurements from 114 specimens belonging to the six Simochromis and Pseudosimochromis species, plotted vs. SL.
Table 3.
PCA on measurements of the inter-specific analysis.
Table 4.
Summary of measurements of the different Simochromis and Pseudosimochromis species.
Fig 5.
PCA on meristics of S. babaulti and S. pleurospilus.
PC2 vs. PC1 of a PCA on the 15 meristics for 60 specimens belonging to four geographical groups of S. babaulti and to S. pleurospilus (the southern group).
Table 5.
PCA on meristics of S. babaulti and S. pleurospilus.
Table 6.
Summary of pairwise Mann-Whithey U tests between 5 groups of S. babaulti and S. pleurospilus.
Fig 6.
PCA on measurements of S. babaulti and S. pleurospilus.
PC4 vs. PC3 of a PCA on the 20 measurements belonging to four geographical groups of S. babaulti and to S. pleurospilus (the southern group).
Table 7.
PCA on the measurements of S. babaulti and S. pleurospilus.
Table 8.
Barcoding results for Pseudosimochromis, Simochromis and the other “sediment dwelling” tropheine genera.
Fig 7.
Haptoral morphology of the newly described Cichlidogyrus species infecting Simochromis and Pseudosimochromis cichlids.
Micrographs depict the attachment organ of A. C. raeymaekersi sp. nov. B. C. muterezii sp. nov. C. C. banyankimbonai sp. nov. D. C. georgesmertensi sp. nov. E. C. franswittei sp. nov. F. C. frankwillemsi sp. nov. Scale bar = 20 μm (A, F) or 30 μm (B, C, D, E).
Fig 8.
Male genital morphology of the newly described Cichlidogyrus species infecting Simochromis and Pseudosimochromis cichlids.
Micrographs depict the male copulatory organ of A. C. raeymaekersi sp. nov. B. C. muterezii sp. nov. C. C. banyankimbonai sp. nov. D. C. georgesmertensi sp. nov. E. C. franswittei sp. nov. F. C. frankwillemsi sp. nov. Scale bar = 20 μm.
Table 9.
Measurements of Cichlidogyrus species infecting Simochromis and Pseudosimochromis species.
Fig 9.
Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus raeymaekersi sp. nov.
(Ap) accessory piece (DB) dorsal transverse bar, (DA) dorsal anchor, (He) heel, (MA) male apparatus, (Pe) penis, (VB) = ventral transverse bar, (VA) ventral anchor, (I) to (VII) uncinuli, scale bar = 20 μm.
Fig 10.
Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus muterezii sp. nov.
(Ap) accessory piece (DB) dorsal transverse bar, (DA) dorsal anchor, (He) heel, (MA) male apparatus, (Pe) penis, (VB) = ventral transverse bar, (VA) ventral anchor, (I) to (VII) uncinuli, scale bar = 20 μm.
Fig 11.
Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus banyankimbonai sp. nov.
(Ap) accessory piece (DB) dorsal transverse bar, (DA) dorsal anchor, (He) heel, (MA) male apparatus, (Pe) penis, (VB) = ventral transverse bar, (VA) ventral anchor, (I) to (VII) uncinuli, scale bar = 20 μm.
Fig 12.
Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus georgesmertensi sp. nov.
(Ap) accessory piece (DB) dorsal transverse bar, (DA) dorsal anchor, (He) heel, (MA) male apparatus, (Pe) penis, (VB) = ventral transverse bar, (VA) ventral anchor, (I) to (VII) uncinuli, scale bar = 20 μm.
Fig 13.
Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus franswittei sp. nov.
(Ap) accessory piece (DB) dorsal transverse bar, (DA) dorsal anchor, (He) heel, (MA) male apparatus, (Pe) penis, (VB) = ventral transverse bar, (VA) ventral anchor, (I) to (VII) uncinuli, scale bar = 20 µm.
Fig 14.
Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus frankwillemsi sp. nov.
(Ap) accessory piece (DB) dorsal transverse bar, (DA) dorsal anchor, (He) heel, (MA) male apparatus, (Pe) penis, (VB) = ventral transverse bar, (VA) ventral anchor, (I) to (VII) uncinuli, scale bar = 20 µm.
Fig 15.
Distribution of Cichlidogyrus gill parasites on their tropheine hosts.
Phylogenetic reconstruction of the “sediment dwellers” clade within the Tropheini and S. diagramma is derived from [39]. Cichlidogyrus species are visualised by their haptoral ventral anchors, which is a systematically informative trait. Six Cichlidogyrus species are described in this paper, three others in [55]. For P. margaretae, no tissue samples suitable for genetic analysis exist, neither were gill parasites recovered from the available specimens.
Fig 16.
Map of Lake Tanganyika with an overview of specimens examined.
Collection localities of hosts and parasites with: filled symbols: cichlids used for morphology, empty symbols: cichlids used for barcoding, pie charts: collection sites of Cichlidogyrus parasites, T: cichlid type locality and t: Cichlidogyrus type locality, for A. Simochromis diagramma, B. Pseudosimochromis curvifrons, C. P. marginatus, D. P. babaulti (including its junior synonym P. pleurospilus), E. P. margaretae (including localities mentioned in text) and F. symbols and colours used to denote collection sites of cichlids and of Cichlidogyrus specimens.