Fig 1.
Microscope image of fungal spores.
(A) Geastrum fimbriatum; (B) Geastrum triplex; (C) Lycoperdon perlatum; (D) Lycoperdon pyriforme; (E) Scleroderma areolatum; (F) Scleroderma citrinum.
Fig 2.
(A) Abies cephalonica (Pinaceae), equatorial view; (B) Cupressus sempervirens (Cupressaceae), polar view; (C) Quercus robur (Fagaceae), polar view; (D) Carpinus betulus (Betulaceae), polar view; (E) Bromus erectus (Poaceae), equatorial view; (F) Carex pendula (Cyperaceae), equatorial view.
Fig 3.
FTIR spectra of representative samples of spores and pollen.
(A) spores of Geastrum fimbriatum and Lycoperdon pyriforme; (B) Pinales pollen of Abies cephalonica (Pinaceae) and Cupressus sempervirens (Cupressaceae); (C) Fagales pollen of Quercus robur (Fagaceae) and Carpinus betulus (Betulaceae); (D) Poales pollen of Bromus erectus (Poaceae) and Carex pendula (Cyperaceae). The spectral set was normalized by MSC (with weighting vector).
Fig 4.
Infrared spectra of biochemicals.
FTIR spectra of lipid (tristearin), protein (gluten) and polysaccharides (chitin, arabinoxylan, β-D-glucan, amylose); for better viewing the spectra are offset.
Fig 5.
Cluster analysis of spectra belonging to fresh pollen and spores.
HCA dendrogram of IR spectral data set of fresh pollen and spores (three spectra per sample; second derivative and MSC corrected spectra) with depiction of plant families and fungal genera (Gea, Geastrum; Lyc, Lycoperdon; Scl, Scleroderma).
Fig 6.
Analysis of spectra belonging to fresh spores and Pinales pollen.
PCA plot of IR spectral data set of fresh spores and Pinales pollen (three spectra per sample; MSC corrected spectra), with depiction of plant families and fungal genera. The percent variances for the first five PCs are 67.57, 26.50, 1.77, 1.26 and 0.65. (B) Loadings plot on the first two principal component of the PCA; the marked signals (S) are associated with vibrational bands of sporopollenins.
Fig 7.
Analysis of spectra belonging to fresh spores and Fagales pollen.
PCA plot of IR spectral data set of fresh spores and Poales and Fagales pollen (three spectra per sample; MSC corrected spectra), with depiction of plant families and fungal genera. The percent variances for the first five PCs are 78.00, 9.95, 6.07, 1.69 and 0.97. (B) Loadings plot on the first two principal component of the PCA.
Fig 8.
Infrared spectra of fungal spores.
FTIR spectra of representative samples of Geastrum triplex, Lycoperdon perlatum and Scleroderma citrinum spores. For better viewing the spectra are offset.
Fig 9.
Cluster analysis of spectra belonging to fresh spores.
HCA dendrogram of IR spectral data set of fresh spores (three spectra per sample; second derivative and EMSC corrected spectra), with depiction of fungal genera and species.
Fig 10.
Analysis of spectra belonging to fresh spores.
PCA plot of IR spectral data set of fresh spores (three spectra per sample; MSC corrected spectra), with depiction of fungal genera and species. The percent variances for the first five PCs are 72.53, 17.94, 3.69, 2.56 and 1.16. (B) Loadings plot on the first two principal component of the PCA; the marked signals (L) are associated with vibrational bands of lipids.
Fig 11.
Separation of physical and chemical information in spectra of pollen and spores.
(A) FTIR spectra of Poa pratensis: recorded spectrum (green), scatter estimate with constant, linear, quadratic, and cubic terms (blue), and EMSC corrected spectrum (red) (multiplicative parameter b for Poa pratensis is 1.65); Savitzky–Golay smoothing (quadratic polynomial with window size 11) was obtained prior to EMSC correction with weighting vector. (B) EMSC parameters, and (C) scatter estimates for 10 Poaceae (blue) and 10 Cyperaceae spectra (red). (D) plot for linear and quadratic EMSC parameters for measured samples: Cyperaceae (Cyp), Poaceae (Poa), Cupressaceae (Cup), Pinaceae (Pin), Fagaceae (Fag), Betulaceae (Bet), Geastrum (Gea), Lycoperdon (Lyc), and Scleroderma (Scl).
Fig 12.
Analysis of spectra belonging to fresh and old spores.
PCA plot of IR spectral data set of fresh (2010) and old spores (three spectra per sample; MSC corrected spectra), with depiction of fungal species (● Lycoperdon, ■ Geastrum, ♦ Scleroderma) and year of archiving. The percent variances for the first five PCs are 67.09, 15.22, 6.73, 2.32 and 1.29. (B) Loadings plot on the third principal component of the PCA. (C) IR spectra of oleic acid and phosphatidioleylcholine.