Fig 1.
A schematic diagram of synthesis protocol of nanoparticle conjugation with indolicidin is shown.
Letters 'A', 'B' and 'C' denote carboxylated CNT, carboxylated GNP and Indolicidin with primary amine.
Fig 2.
Absorbance and fluorescence spectra and binding isotherm.
Representative (a) absorbance spectra of free indolicidin (I), free CNT, free GNP, CNT conjugated I (CNT_I) and GNP conjugated (GNP_I) indolicidin and fluorescence spectra of (b) free CNT, CNT-I, free I and free CNT spiked with indolicidin and of (c) free GNP, GNP-I, free I and free GNP spiked with indolicidin are shown. Spectra are labeled in the panels for easy identification. Binding isotherm of indolicidin with CNT and GNP. Fraction of indolicidin bound with (a) CNT and (c) GNP and Scatchard plot of binding of indolicidin with (b) CNT and (d) GNP are shown. Panels (b) and (d) also listed the values of association constant and stoichiometry of binding. Standard deviations of the data are shown as error bars in the figure.
Fig 3.
Representative fourier transformed infrared spectra of (a) free CNT, free Indolicidin (I), CNT spiked I (CNT-I) and CNT conjugated with I (CNT_I) and (b) free GNP, free I, GNP spiked I (GNP-I) and GNP conjugated with I (GNP_I) are shown. Each spectrum is labeled for easy identification.
Fig 4.
Representative SEM micrographs of CNTs (panels a & b, scale 1 μm) and CNT-Indolicidin conjugates (panels c [scale 1μm] & d[scale 200 nm]) as well as GNPs (panles e & f, scale 200 nm) and GNP-Indolicidin conjugates (panels g [scale 2 μm] & h [scale 200 nm]) are shown.
Table 1.
Thermodynamic parameters of Indolicidin binding to CNTs and GNPs.
Table 2.
Fluorescence Lifetime values in nanoseconds (ns) for various indolicidin formulations with nanoparticles.
Fig 5.
Transcriptional gene expression values and protection assay.
Fold change values of representative gene expression at transcriptional level for various treatment conditions with respect to time matched untreated (a-c) RAW 264.7 and (d) THP-1 cells are shown. Gene labels are shown in X-axis and the conditions for each treatment are also shown in the figure. (e) Percent survivability of host cells under various treatment conditions with respect to time matched untreated samples of host cells at various time points post challenge is shown. Symbols for treatment conditions are shown in the figure. Methodology to determine percent survivability is shown in the text.