Fig 1.
Diagrams of traditional morphometrics for measurements of morphological structures of both queens and workers: (A) worker head; (B) queen head; (C) queen mandible; (D) worker mandible; (E) queen basitarsus; (F) worker basitarsus. The length and width of each structure were used in traditional morphometrics (Figures modified from Ruttner 1983 [4]).
Fig 2.
Diagrams of geometric morphometrics marks of the morphological structures in honey bee queens and workers: (A) worker head; (B) queen head; (C) queen mandible; (D) worker mandible; (E) queen basitarsus; (F) worker basitarsus. Numbers indicate the landmarks that were used in the geometric morphometrics analysis (Figures modified from Ruttner 1983 [4]).
Fig 3.
A dendrogram of clustering of the naturally developed queens (Q) and workers (W) (Apis mellifera): A) Analysis based on traditional morphometric measures and B) Analysis based on geometric morphometric measurements.
Fig 4.
TM1 Principal component analysis.
PCA on the data of all morphometric traits produced by traditional morphometrics. Morphological measurements included weight, ovariole number, and sizes of head, mandibles, basitarsus, and spermatheca from in vitro and naturally reared honey bees (Apis mellifera).
Table 1.
Caste-classification results.
Fig 5.
TM2 Principal component analysis.
PCA on the data from traditional morphometrics, excluding ovariole number and spermatheca size.
Fig 6.
GM1 Principal component analysis.
PCA on the data of all morphological traits by geometric morphometrics.
Fig 7.
GM2 Principal component analysis.
PCA on the traditional morphometrics data, excluding ovariole number and spermatheca size.