Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
Fig 1.
Macro-and microscopic images of TB in the kidney.
A. Nodules on outer surface of the right kidney and B. in the kidney parenchyma C. Tuberculoma in the kidney parenchyma D. Ziehl-Neelsen stain of a granuloma in the renal parenchyma showing glomeruli and tubules (x5) E. Microscopic zoom of indicated area with a glomerulus and multiple acid fast bacilli (x40) F. Microscopic zoom of indicated area with multiple acid fast bacilli (x100).
Table 2.
Characteristics, laboratory outcomes and histological findings per case.
Table 3.
Renal histology in TB-infected patients according to LAM-assay outcome.
Fig 2.
Mechanisms leading to lipoarabinomannan antigenuria.
1. Renal TB 2. Passage of whole Mycobacterium tuberculosis through the glomerular basement membrane into the urine 3. Passage of LAM captured by immune-complexes through the glomerular basement membrane into the urine 4. Passage of uncomplexed LAM through the glomerular basement membrane into the urine 5. Impaired tubular resorption of uncomplexed LAM 6. Genital tract TB (Fig. based on [21]). MTB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; GBM: glomerular basement membrane; LAM: lipoarabinomannan.