Fig 1.
Distribution of tomato Cf resistance genes and Cladosporium fulvum races in Japan.
Prefectures from where Cladosporium fulvum isolates were collected (A), the distribution of Cf genes employed in the different prefectures (B), and the virulence spectrum of the isolates collected in these prefectures (C) are presented. The surveys were conducted between 1997 and 2013 in prefectures highlighted in grey. The prefecture numbers correspond to those shown in S2 Table.
Fig 2.
The frequency of Cladosporium fulvum races collected from tomato cultivars carrying no Cf resistance gene (Cf-0), the Cf-4 or Cf-9 resistance gene, or from tomato cultivars of which the Cf gene was not known.
Table 1.
The virulence spectrum of 133 isolates of Cladosporium fulvum collected in Japan as determined on a differential set of tomato cultivars carrying different Cf genes.
Table 2.
Overview of all DNA modifications present in the coding sequence of five avirulence genes in a population of 133 Cladosporium fulvum isolates collected in Japan.
Fig 3.
Cf-mediated hypersensitive responses (HR) triggered by wild-type and mutant Avr proteins.
Avr-wild-type and mutant genes were cloned in the PVX vector and the recombinant PVX virus was assayed for HR-inducing activity on Cf-2, Cf-4 or Cf-5 tomato plants. (A) PVX-mediated expression of wild-type Avr2 protein causes strong HR-inducing activity and eventually kills Cf-2 tomato plants, but mutant Avr2 protein (p.Cys63Phe substitution) present in isolate CF212 lost HR-inducing activity. (B) PVX-mediated expression of wild-type Avr4 protein causes strong HR-inducing activity and eventually kills Cf-4 tomato plants. Five different mutant Avr4 proteins (substituted amino acid residues are indicated) all lost HR-inducing activity on Cf-4 tomato plants. (C) PVX-mediated expression of wild-type Avr5 protein elicits a strong HR on Cf-5 tomato plants, whereas mutant Avr5 protein (p.Gly90Arg substitution) lost HR-inducing activity. Plants were photographed at 3 weeks post inoculation.
Table 3.
Potential parental isolates of new Cladosporium fulvum races collected in same prefecture.