Table 1.
Fertilization rate for spermiotoxicity test.
Fig 1.
Chlorothalonil spermiotoxicity in C. intestinalis.
Percentage of normal larvae after 30 min of sperm exposure to different concentrations of chlorothalonil. Solid circles represent the mean of three replicates for each experiment, and the solid line indicates the fit of the experimental data to the logistic model.
Table 2.
Fertilization rate for oocyte toxicity test.
Fig 2.
Chlorothalonil oocyte toxicity in C. intestinalis.
Percentage of normal larvae after 30 min of oocyte exposure to different concentrations of chlorothalonil. Solid circles represent the mean of three replicates for each experiment, and the solid line indicates the fit of the experimental data to the logistic model.
Table 3.
Fertilization rate for fertilization toxicity test.
Fig 3.
Chlorothalonil effect on C. intestinalis fertilization process.
Percentage of normal larvae after fertilization in chlorothalonil solution. Solid circles represent the mean of three replicates for each experiment, and the solid line indicates the fit of the experimental data to the logistic model.
Fig 4.
Chlorothalonil effect on C. intestinalis larvae morphology.
(A) Normal larvae at 24 h post fertilization developed from oocytes fertilized in NSW. (B) Abnormal larvae developed from oocytes fertilized in chlorothalonil solution at concentrations between 5 nM and 50 nM showed curled tails and the absence of one sensory organ. (C) Abnormal larvae and embryo arrested at the blastula stage at chlorothalonil concentrations between 50 and 100 nM. (D) Embryos stopped at 8-cell stage at chlorothalonil concentrations higher than 100 nM. Scale bar is 100 μm.
Fig 5.
Chlorothalonil effect on oocyte Na+ current amplitude.
Left panel: I/V curves constructed from current peak values recorded in oocytes clamped from the holding potential of -80 mV to the test potentials between -70 mV and +20 mV after incubation for 30 min in different chlorothalonil concentrations. Error bars indicating the SD were omitted for image clarity. Right panel: Na+ current amplitude recorded at the test potential of -40 mV decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Error bars indicate the SD.
Table 4.
Chlorothalonil effects on oocyte Na+ current amplitude.
Fig 6.
Chlorothalonil effect on fertilization current (FC) amplitude.
After chlorothalonil treatment, where oocytes were clamped at -80 mV and fertilized, the FC amplitude was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Each experimental treatment and control was executed ten times in triplicates. a-b-c-d Different superscripts denote highly significant difference, p <0.01. Error bars indicate the SD.
Table 5.
Chlorothalonil effects on the fertilization current (FC).