Fig 1.
Selection of cases and controls.
Table 1.
Characteristics of incident CKD cases and matched controls.
Fig 2.
Association between NSAIDs and risk of CKD, stratified by classes and time windows.
NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ID = index date; OR = odds ratio. OR was adjusted for malignant neoplasm, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, gout, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, lupus erythematosus systemic (LES), amyloidosis, vasculitis, myeloma, polycystic kidney, prior use of nephrotoxic drugs (other than NSAIDs). Oxicam: piroxicam, meloxicam, lornoxicam, tenoxicam; Acetic acid derivatives and related substances: aceclofenac, ketorolac, acemetacin, etodolac, diclofenac, diclofenac and combinations; Coxib: celecoxib and etoricoxib; Propionic and derivatives: ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, dexibuprofen, tiaprofenic acid, dexketoprofen, naproxen and esomeprazole; Other anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic agents, non-steroids: nimesulide, niflumic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid combinations excl. psycholeptics; More than one NSAID drug: at least two different drugs belonging to different classes prescribed during the observed time window.
Fig 3.
Association between individual NSAIDs and risk of CKD, stratified by time windows.
NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ID = index date; OR = odds ratio. OR was adjusted for malignant neoplasm, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, gout, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, lupus erythematosus systemic (LES), amyloidosis, vasculitis, myeloma, polycystic kidney, prior use of nephrotoxic drugs (other than NSAIDs); Coxib: celecoxib and etoricoxib; Others: tenoxicam, aceclofenac, tiaprofenic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid combinations excl. psycholeptics, niflumic acid; More than one NSAID: at least two different drugs prescribed during the observed time window.
Table 2.
CKD risk for each additional cumulative month of NSAIDs exposure, based on DDD, (as a class or individual compound), anytime and within one year prior to the index date.
Fig 4.
Effect of cumulative exposure to piroxicam, meloxicam, ketorolac and NSAIDs as a whole among current users on the CKD risk.
NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ID = index date; OR = odds ratio. OR was adjusted for malignant neoplasm, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, gout, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, lupus erythematosus systemic (LES), amyloidosis, vasculitis, myeloma, polycystic kidney, prior use of nephrotoxic drugs (other than NSAIDs).