Fig 1.
Map of the study region depicting (a) the three areas studied with the municipality of Moju and land-use types; the distribution (b) of transects across one study area (Arauai) and its land-uses; and c) transect design depicting vegetative sampling plots and sub-parcels and the position of point count stations.
Fig 2.
Box plots comparing avian species richness between land-use types, using the entire avian assemblage (A) and just forest-associated birds (B).
Non-significant pairwise differences between land-use types are indicated by the presence of the same letter (according to a Tukey test 95%).
Fig 3.
Linear regressions between richness of forest bird species and a) tree biomass and b) distance to the nearest primary forest border.
Fig 4.
Relative importance of environmental variables in explaining total avian species richness (A) and forest-associated bird richness (B).
Signs indicate the direction of the effect of each variable. The explanatory variables include distance to the forest border (border), tree species richness, forest cover (% of primary forest cover) and biomass of trees (biomass).
Fig 5.
NMDS plots of community structure of the avian community in Moju (polygons with heavy black borders) and Paragominas (narrow borders), primary forest transects are represented by dark green squares, secondary forests by light green squares, orange circles are cattle pastures, grey circles are mechanised agriculture and triangles are oil palm plantations (dark red = 15–20 years old, lighter red 0–6 years old).
Fig 6.
Circular phylograms illustrating avian community composition in a) primary forests b) cattle pasture and c) oil palm plantations, families with more than eight species are labelled.
Bold lines indicate species presences in the given land-use type whereas pale lines denote species absences from that land-use type which were found in one or more other land-uses.
Table 1.
The top-ranked 15 bird species in each land-use type which contributed to the dissimilarity of species composition between oil palm plantations, cattle pastures, secondary forests and primary forests.