Fig 1.
Phylogenetic tree of section Cinnamopurpurea.
Fully resolved phylogenetic tree based on combined sequence data from BT2, CF, Mcm7, RPB2 and Tsr1, computed with maximum likelihood in Mega. In the bootstrap, all nodes were above 95%, except the P. fluviserpens subclade NRRL 35844, NRRL 58649 77%; P. cinnamopurpureum subclade NRRL 35501-NRRL 35502 55%; and P. cinnamopurpureum subclade NRRL 162-NRRL 3118-NRRL 3326-NRRL 35503 64%). Outgroup chosen based on prior work [27]. P. ellipsoideosporum is represented only by sequences obtained from GenBank.
Fig 2.
Phylogenetic tree based on ITS region sequences, with very similar sequences from GenBank.
Unidentified endophytes from coffee plants in South America are P. fluviserpens; a cheese isolate from Europe, an apple core isolate from South Africa, and a fungal epiphyte from China are identified as P. cvjetkovicii although two were initially identified as P. chermesinum using phenotypic identification; and one sequence amplified from soil DNA represents an apparent unknown species. Bootstrap values above 70% are placed on the branches.
Fig 3.
Haplotype analysis among isolates of section Cinnamopurpurea at seven loci grouped by high bootstrap values listed in the last column.
At each locus unique haplotypes are given arbitrary letter designations. Subgroups with strong statistical support (Fig. 1) are shaded in a distinct color for the multi-isolate species. Haplotypes shared between distinct clades of a species are presented with red lettering.
Table 1.
Reported citreoviridin producers.
Fig 4.
14 day old colonies grown on: a. CYA, b. MEA, c. PDA. d. CYA reverse, e. MEA reverse, f. PDA reverse, g. CY20S, h. CYAS, i. OA. j. Stipes showing typical branching pattern, k. Penicillus with unusual multi-cell phialides, l. Conidia, small size is common, larger spores are also usually present. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 5.
14 day old colonies grown on: a. CYA, b. MEA, c. PDA. d. CYA reverse, e. MEA reverse, f. PDA reverse, g. CY20S, h. CYAS, i. OA. j. Details of penicillus branching pattern. k. Conidia in distinctly small and large sizes. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 6.
14 day old colonies grown on: A. CYA, B. MEA, C. PDA. d. CYA reverse, e. MEA reverse, f. PDA reverse, g. CY20S, h. CYAS, i. OA. j. Terminal branching of the penicillus. k. Detail of ampulliform phialides and the bulbous end of the stipes. l. Conidia variable in size and shape. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 7.
14 day old colonies grown on: a. CYA, b. MEA, c. PDA. d. CYA reverse, e. MEA reverse, f. PDA reverse, g. CY20S, h. CYAS, i. OA. j. Branching of penicillus. k. Phialides and non-bulbous subtending cell. l. Conidia in small and large sizes. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 8.
14 day old colonies grown on: a. CYA, b. MEA, c. PDA. d. CYA reverse, e. MEA reverse, f. PDA reverse, g. CY20S, h. CYAS, i. OA. j. Penicilli with a bulbous subtending cell, on short lateral branches from a primary filament. k. Mass of conidia showing distinctly different sizes. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 9.
14 day old colonies grown on: a. CYA, b. MEA, c. PDA. d. CYA reverse, e. MEA reverse, f. PDA reverse, g. CY20S, h. CYAS, i. OA. j. Branching pattern of penicillus. k. Phialides and bulbous subtending cell. l. Distinctly different size and shapes of conidia, the smaller subglobose-globose cells are most common. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 10.
14 day old colonies grown on: a. CYA, b. MEA, c. PDA. d. CYA reverse, e. MEA reverse, f. PDA reverse, g. CY20S, h. CYAS, i. OA. j. Branching pattern of penicillus. k. Detail of phialides and stipes. l. Conidia in two size classes. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 11.
14 day old colonies grown on: a. CYA, b. MEA, c. PDA. d. CYA reverse, e. MEA reverse, f. PDA reverse, g. CY20S, h. CYAS, i. OA. j. Branching of penicillus. k. Detailed view of phialides and stipes. l. Conidia displaying two size ranges. Bar = 10 μm.