Fig 1.
Indicators of rapid modernization in Shanghai from 1990 to 2011.
Units for various indicators are showed in the brackets. All data obtained from Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2012 [1]. Year-by-year data are displayed in the S1 Table.
Fig 2.
Distribution of kindergartens in this survey.
The number in the bracket is the number of kindergartens we have surveyed in the district. Because most of the kindergartens in Feng-Xian District (E) are located in the center of district, the kindergartens we surveyed in this district are relatively centralized.
Fig 3.
Flow chart of information of literature search through different phases (PRISMA flowchart).
Table 1.
Prevalences of asthma, allergy and airway symptoms tabulated by gender, residential district and age (3~7 years old), n (%).a
Fig 4.
Prevalences of wheeze, rhinitis, and eczema (ever) at different ages during lifetime since birth.
Detailed data for prevalences in the S6 Table.
Table 2.
Prevalences of food allergies.
Table 3.
Basic information for studies which were included in the qualitative analysis of time-trend prevalence of asthma.
Fig 5.
Time-trend prevalences of asthma among different age children from 1990 to 2011.
Herein, “YO” stands for “years old”. T: Total; M: Male; F: Female. The solid lines are exponential trend lines. Prevalences for 2008 include wheezing as well as asthma ever. Detailed data for prevalences are in the S7 Table. Reference: 1990 [13]; 2000 [16]; 2006 [23]; 2007 [18]; 2008 [19].
Fig 6.
Time-trend prevalences of asthma among 3–7 year old children from 1990 to 2011.
Fig 7.
Time trend of outdoor air pollutant concentrations in Shanghai from 2001 to 2011.
Linear Trend Lines and their 95% confidence regions are also displayed. Data obtained from Shanghai Environment Yearbooks 2002–2012. Detailed data and references are displayed in the S8 Table.