Table 1.
Bacteria isolated from Myotis lucifugus and Eptesicus fuscus used in challenge experiments.
Fig 1.
Challenge plates showing the inhibition of Pseudogymnoascus destructans.
Bacteria were plated with an initial starting concentration of 104 cfu/ml (PF2). The plate (a) shows no visible P. destructans growth on day 43, compared to the (b) control plate showing uninhibited P. destructans colony growth at day 43. (d) The zones of inhibition produced by one of the top performing P. fluorescens isolates (PF2) compared to the sham inoculated control (c) and a widely used strain of P. fluorescens, (e; PF7: PfA506). There are two distinct zones of inhibition produced by the top performing strain (as shown in panel d) indicated by the grey solid circle and the dashed grey circle. Microscopic images of the inner and outer zones are shown in panels (f) and (g). We used gram staining techniques to help better visualize conidia (purple) and hyphae (pink) (scale bars, 10 μm). Within the first zone, indicated by the dark ring surrounding the yellow bacteria colony (PF2), the bacteria either arrested or delayed conidia growth, (g) which can be seen by the small hyphael extension from the conidia. Outside of this first zone, the growth of P. destructans was much more extensive (f), producing a mycelial network before its growth was arrested.
Fig 2.
First inhibition assay measuring the width of the zone of inhibition produced by bacteria on a lawn of P. destructans.
The zones of inhibition produced by bacterial isolates when inoculated on a plate with four concentrations of P. destructans. Lines denoted by the same letter do not differ significantly on the last day of the experiment (S5 Table). CHR and SPH are isolates in the genus Chryseobacterium and Sphingomonas that are not known to produce antifungal compounds. The control is an inoculation of 30% glycerol stock. PF1-5,7 and PA6 are all isolates in the genus Pseudomonas.
Fig 3.
Second inhibition assay measuring the diameter of P. destructans colonies grown on a lawn of bacteria.
Pseudogymnoascus destructans was plated with nine bacterial isolates at six different concentrations (highest to lowest, left to right). Lines denoted by the same letter did not differ significantly on the last day of the experiment. CHR and SPH are isolates in the genus Chryseobacterium and Sphingomonas that are not known to produce antifungal compounds. The Control is a sham inoculation of 30% glycerol stock. PF1-7 and PA6 are all isolates in the genus Pseudomonas.