Fig 1.
Variation in shell coloration patterns between pairs of closely related cone snail species.
Members of selected pairs belong to the same subgenus (based on phylogeny and classification of Puillandre et al. [1, 2]). (A) Conasprella (Ximeniconus) mahogani (CASIZ 184267); (B) Conasprella (Ximeniconus) ximenes (CASIZ 184268); (C) Conus (Rhizoconus) capitaneus (CASIZ 178062); (D) Conus (Rhizoconus) miles (CASIZ 178070); (E) Conus (Stephanoconus) archon (UF 26040); (F) Conus (Stephanoconus) mappa (UF 238779); (G) Conus (Darioconus) auricomus (CASIZ 178034); (H) Conus (Darioconus) episcopatus (CASIZ 180453). All scale bars are 1 cm.
Fig 2.
Examples of ancient coloration patterns revealed by UV light.
Top row: three fossil shells (PRI 66199, PRI 66166, and PRI 66158) from the Neogene of the Dominican Republic photographed under regular light; all scale bars are 1 cm. Middle row: the same specimens photographed under longwave UV light. Bottom row: reversed images that show how fluorescing regions correspond to parts of the shell that were once darkly pigmented.
Fig 3.
Correspondence between oxidation of the shell, fluorescence under UV light, and effects of digitally reversing the image of the fluorescing shell using photoediting software.
Shell is a specimen of Conus humerosus (PRI 67550); scale bar is 1 cm. See text for explanation.
Table 1.
Occurrence data.
Fig 4.
Profundiconus? hennigi Hendricks sp. nov.
Specimens are from locality station TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.). (A-E) PRI 66164 (holotype), SL 25.5 mm; (F) PRI 67168 (paratype), SL 17.6 mm; (G) PRI 67167 (paratype), SL 24.9 mm. (D-E) are reversed images of the holotype photographed under UV light. Scale bar to the left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A, C-G); (B) scale bar is 1 mm.
Fig 5.
Conasprella stenostoma Sowerby I, 1850.
Both specimens are from locality station TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-B) PRI 66148, SL 28.1 mm; (C-D) PRI 67549, SL 16.0 mm. All are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 6.
Conasprella (Dalliconus) cf. sauros Garcia, 2006.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-C) PRI 67585, SL 17.8 mm; (D) PRI 67581, SL 17.9 mm; (E-F) PRI 67580, SL 18.9 mm. All are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 7.
Conasprella (Ximeniconus) cercadensis Maury, 1917 (A-E), Conasprella (Ximeniconus) kitteredgei Maury, 1917 (F-H), and Conasprella (Ximeniconus) puncticulata (Hwass in Bruguière, 1792) (I-J).
Fossil specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.), TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.), and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.); modern C. puncticulata is from Bateau Bay, Trinidad and Tabago. (A-B) PRI 66153, TU 1422, SL 27.3 mm; (C) PRI 66150, TU 1215, SL 18.8 mm; (D-E) PRI 67185, TU 1422, SL 23.6 mm; (F) PRI 67546, TU 1354, SL 22.9 mm; (G-H) PRI 66183, TU 1354, SL 23.5 mm; (I-J) UF 281140, SL 25.5 mm. (A-H) are reversed images photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 8.
Conasprella (Ximeniconus) ageri sp. nov. (A-P) and Conasprella (Ximeniconus) tornata (Sowerby II, 1833) (Q-R).
Fossil specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.) and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.); modern C. tornata is from Tortola Island, Bay of Panama. (A-E) PRI 67515, TU 1354, SL 30.8 mm; (F-G) PRI 67520, TU 1354, SL 26.9 mm; (H-I) PRI 67510, TU 1354, SL 24.1 mm; (J) PRI 67532, TU 1354, SL 19.4 mm; (K) PRI 67512, TU 1354, SL 25.1 mm; (L) PRI 66171, TU 1354, SL 28.0 mm; (M) PRI 67523, TU 1354, SL 26.8 mm; (N) PRI 67527, TU 1354, SL 23.2 mm; (O-P) PRI 67231, TU 1422, SL 16.4 mm; (Q-R) UF 355879, SL 28.4 mm. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 9.
Conus symmetricus Sowerby I, 1850.
Specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.), TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.), and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-B) PRI 67665, TU 1215, SL 27.3 mm; (C) PRI 67190, TU 1422, SL 17.1 mm; (D) PRI 67192, TU 1422, SL 19.5 mm; (E) PRI 67191, TU 1422, SL 27.4 mm; (F) PRI 67675, TU 1354, SL 26.2 mm; (G) PRI 66155, TU 1422, SL 46.1 mm. All are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 10.
Conus anningae Hendricks sp. nov.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-E) PRI 66141 (holotype), SL 30.3 mm; (F-G) PRI 67567 (paratype), SL 19.2 mm; (H-J) PRI 67569 (paratype), SL 25.2 mm. (B, F-J) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar to left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to images (A-D and F-J); scale bar below (E) is 1 mm and pertains to that image. (E) is a focal stacked image constructed from 10 separate images using Helicon Focus software (http://www.heliconsoft.com/).
Fig 11.
Conus lyelli Hendricks sp. nov. (A-L) and Conus xenicus Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917 (M-N).
Specimens of C. lyelli are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.), TU 1278 (Gurabo Fm.), and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.); the specimen label associated with the holotype of C. xenicus (M-N) reports the locality as “S. Domingo.” (A-C) PRI 66156 (holotype), TU 1422, SL 23.7 mm; (D-F) PRI 67165 (paratype), TU 1354, SL 21.2 mm; (G-I) PRI 66189 (paratype), TU 1422, SL 20.3 mm; (J) PRI 66184 (paratype), TU 1354, SL 22.3 mm; (K-L) PRI 66115 (paratype), TU 1278, SL 29.4 mm (estimated from digital image); (M-N) ANSP 2575 (holotype), SL 28.3 mm (estimated from digital image). (C-D, J) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. (I) is a focal stacked image constructed from 9 separate images using Helicon Focus software (http://www.heliconsoft.com/). Scale bar to the left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A-D, G, J-N); (E, H) scale bars are 5 mm; (F) scale bar is 2 mm; (I) scale bar is 1 mm.
Fig 12.
Conus olssoni Maury, 1917 (A-I) and Conus granulatus Linnaeus, 1758 (J).
Fossil specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.), TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.), and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.); modern C. granulatus is from Isla Payardi, Bahia las Minas, Panama. (A) PRI 67198, TU 1422, SL 46.4 mm; (B) PRI 67203, TU 1422, SL 22.4 mm; (C) PRI 67199, TU 1422, SL 25.3 mm; (D) PRI 66137, TU 1215, SL 36.8 mm; (E) PRI 67204, TU 1422, SL 25.4 mm; (F-G) PRI 67200, TU 1422, SL 27.4 mm; (H) PRI 67245, TU 1354, SL 36.7 mm; (I) PRI 67598, TU 1215, SL 21.1 mm; (J) UF 329263–1, SL 35.0 mm. (A-I) are reversed images photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 13.
Conus (Atlanticonus?) franklinae Hendricks sp. nov.
Specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.) and TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-E) PRI 66142 (holotype), TU 1215, SL 32.7 mm; (F) PRI 67227 (paratype), TU 1422, SL 18.8 mm; (G-H) PRI 67226 (paratype), TU 1422, SL 14.7 mm; (I-M) PRI 67230 (paratype), TU 1422, SL 10.5 mm. (C-J) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar to the left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A-J); (K, M) scale bars are 1 mm; (L) scale bar is 2 mm.
Fig 14.
Conus (Stephanoconus) gouldi Hendricks sp. nov. (A-J) and Conus (Stephanoconus) regius Gmelin, 1791 (K).
Fossil specimens are from locality station TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.); modern C. regius is from the West Indies. (A-C) PRI 66168 (holotype), SL 24.3 mm; (D-F) PRI 66193 (paratype), SL 22.3 mm; (G-H) PRI 66194 (paratype), SL 19.8 mm; (I-J) PRI 66197 (paratype), SL 12.0 mm; (K) CASIZ 178046, 53.1 mm. (D-F, I-J) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar to the left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A-D, F-G, I-J); (E) is a magnified view of the shoulder region of (D), illustrating pigmentation between tubercles; (H) scale bar is 5 mm; (K) scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to that image.
Fig 15.
Conus (Stephanoconus) sewalli (Maury, 1917) (A-I) and Conus (Stephanoconus) mappa [Lightfoot, 1786] (J).
Fossil specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.) and TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.); modern C. mappa is from Pigeon Point, Tobago. (A-B) PRI 67183, TU 1422, SL 30.6 mm; (C) PRI 66160, TU 1422, SL 44.1 mm; (D-E) PRI 67193, TU 1422, SL 23.5 mm; (F) PRI 67184, TU 1422, SL 33.3 mm; (G) PRI 67565, TU 1215, SL 17.3 mm; (H) PRI 67564, TU 1215, SL 25.2 mm; (I) PRI 66152, TU 1215, SL 24.1 mm; (J) UF 281116–1, SL 64.4 mm. (A-I) are reversed images photographed under UV light. Scale bar to left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A-I). Scale bar to right of (J) is 1 cm and pertains to that image.
Fig 16.
Conus (Stephanoconus) bellacoensis Hendricks sp. nov. (A-H), Conus (Stephanoconus) mappa [Lightfoot, 1786] (I), and Conus (Stephanoconus) archon Broderip, 1833 (J).
Fossil specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.) and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.); modern C. mappa is from Pigeon Point, Tobago; modern C. archon is from the Gulf of California, Mexico. (A-E) PRI 66158 (holotype), TU 1422, SL 59.7 mm; (F) PRI 67252 (paratype), TU 1354, SL 76.0 mm; (G-H) PRI 67186 (paratype), TU 1422, SL 12.4 mm; (I) UF 241414, SL 45.5 mm; (J) UF 26040, SL 58.7 mm. (B-D, F-H) are reversed images photographed under UV light. Scale bar to left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A-F, I-J). Scale bar to right of (H) is 1 cm and pertains to (G-H).
Fig 17.
Conus (Pyruconus) recognitus Guppy, 1866 (A-D) and Conus (Pyruconus) patricius Hinds, 1843 (E).
Fossil specimens are from locality station TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.); modern C. patricius is from Palo Seco, Panama. (A) PRI 67539, SL 33.8 mm; (B) PRI 67538, SL 33.4 mm; (C) PRI 67537, SL 33.4 mm; (D) PRI 66181, SL 32.4 mm; (E) UF 321278–1, SL 60.8 mm. (A-D) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 18.
Conus (“Pyruconus”) haytensis Sowerby I, 1850.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-C) PRI 67552, SL 30.2 mm; (D) PRI 67551, SL 27.9 mm; (E) PRI 67554, SL 21.2 mm; (F) Conus haytensis?, PRI 67555, fragment is 33.6 mm in length. All are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 19.
Conus (Ductoconus) cashi Hendricks sp. nov. (A-J) and Conus princeps Linnaeus, 1758 (K).
Fossil specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.), TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.), TU 1278 (Gurabo Fm.), and NMB 15848 (Gurabo Fm.); modern C. princeps is from the Perlas Islands, Panama. (A-F) PRI 66144, TU 1215, SL 22.5 mm; (G) PRI 67166, TU 1422, SL 23.8 mm; (H) PRI 66162, TU 1422, SL 26.2 mm; (I) NMB H18381, NMB 15848, SL 25.0 mm; (J) PRI 66116, TU 1278, SL 18.1 mm; (K) UF 169052–1, SL 52.2 mm. (F-H) are reversed images photographed under UV light. Scale bar to the left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A-B, F-J); (C, E) scale bars are 2 mm; (D) scale bar is 5 mm; (K) scale bar is 1 cm.
Fig 20.
Conus (Dauciconus) furvoides Gabb, 1873.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-B) PRI 67239, SL 40.8 mm; (C) PRI 67238, SL 36.6 mm; (D-E) PRI 67240, SL 42.3 mm. All are reversed images photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 21.
Conus (Dauciconus) planiliratus Sowerby I, 1850.
Specimens are from locality stations TU 1215 and TU 1354 (both Gurabo Fm.). (A) PRI 67502, TU 1354, SL 24.0 mm; (B-C) PRI 66179, TU 1354, SL 23.4 mm; (D-E) PRI 67504, TU 1354, SL 23.2 mm; (F) PRI 67508, TU 1354, SL 18.9 mm; (G) PRI 67505, TU 1354, SL 22.4 mm; (H) PRI 67503, TU 1354, SL 21.3 mm; (I-J) PRI 67509, TU 1354, SL 25.8 mm; (K) PRI 66146, TU 1215, SL 23.9 mm. All are reversed images photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 22.
Conus (Dauciconus) multiliratus Böse, 1906.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-C) PRI 67572, SL 20.2 mm; (D) PRI 66147, SL 18.5 mm; (E) PRI 67577, SL 16.7 mm. All are reversed image of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 23.
Conus (Dauciconus) karlschmidti? Maury, 1917.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-C) PRI 67557, SL 19.1 mm; (D-F) PRI 67562, SL 19.5 mm (shell broken); (G) PRI 66138, SL 27.9 mm; (H) PRI 67561, SL 27.9 mm. All are reversed images photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 24.
Conus (Dauciconus) garrisoni Hendricks sp. nov.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.). (A-F) PRI 66166 (holotype), SL 19.8 mm; (G-H) PRI 67197 (paratype), SL 27.2 mm; (I-J) PRI 67194 (paratype), SL 14.2 mm; (K) PRI 67196 (paratype), SL 20.8 mm. (D-K) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar to the left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A, D-K); (B, C) scale bars are 2 mm.
Fig 25.
Conus (Dauciconus?) zambaensis Hendricks sp. nov.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-F) PRI 67488 (holotype), SL 34.8 mm; (G-I) PRI 67491 (paratype), SL 32.5 mm; (J) PRI 66173 (paratype), SL 43.1 mm. (B-D, G-J) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar to the left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to images (A-E, G-J); (F) scale bar is 1 mm.
Fig 26.
Conus (Spuriconus) spurius Gmelin, 1791 (A-F, K) and Conus (Spuriconus) humerosus Pilsbry, 1921 (G-J).
Fossil specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.), TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.), and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.); modern C. spurius are from Saint Croix Island, United States Virgin Islands (E-F) and offshore of Columbia, near the Venezuelan border (K). (A) PRI 66178, TU 1354, SL 40.6 mm; (B) PRI 67542, TU 1354, SL 40.2 mm; (C) PRI 67543, TU 1354, SL 32.4 mm; (D) PRI 67544, TU 1354, SL 47.1 mm; (E-F) ANSP 313169, SL 63.3 mm (estimated from digital image); (G) PRI 66140, TU 1215, SL 65.3 mm; (H) PRI 67550, TU 1215, SL 46.9 mm; (I) PRI 66154, TU 1422, SL 59.1 mm; (J) PRI 66177, TU 1354, SL 47.9 mm; (K) ANSP 398448, SL 51.5 mm (estimated from digital image). Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 27.
Conus (Spuriconus?) kaesleri Hendricks sp. nov.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-D) PRI 66185 (holotype), SL 22.6 mm; (E) PRI 67668 (paratype), SL 18.8 mm; (F) PRI 67669 (paratype), SL 21.2 mm; (G) PRI 67667 (paratype), SL 28.5 mm; (H-J) PRI 67666 (paratype), SL 38.7 mm; (K) PRI 67670 (paratype), SL 46.5 mm. (B, D-K) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar to the left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to (A-B, D-K); (C) scale bar is 1 cm.
Fig 28.
Conus (Spuriconus?) lombardii Hendricks sp. nov.
All specimens are from locality station TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.). (A-E) PRI 67207 (holotype), SL 24.7 mm; (F) PRI 66165 (paratype), SL 27.4 mm; (G) PRI 67213 (paratype), SL 23.7 mm; (H-I) PRI 67218 (paratype), SL 20.5 mm; (J-K) PRI 67217 (paratype), SL 17.9 mm. (C-K) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 29.
Conus (Lautoconus?) carlottae Hendricks sp. nov.
Specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.) and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-E) PRI 66199 (holotype), TU 1354, SL 33.0 mm; (F-G) PRI 67154 (paratype), TU 1354, SL 29.7 mm; (H-I) PRI 66161 (paratype), TU 1422, SL 40.2 mm; (J) PRI 66198 (paratype), TU 1422, SL 27.8 mm. (D-J) are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar to left of (A) is 1 cm and pertains to images (A-H, J); note that (I) is a magnified view of one of the pigmented spots on (H).
Fig 30.
Specimens are from locality stations TU 1422 (Cercado Fm.), TU 1215 (Gurabo Fm.), and TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.). (A) Conidae sp. 1, PRI 66169, TU 1422, SL 30.5 mm; (B-C) Conidae sp. 2, PRI 66186, TU 1354, SL 26.6 mm; (D-E) Conidae sp. 3, PRI 67243, TU 1354, SL 29.2 mm; (F-H) Conidae sp. 4, PRI 67566, TU 1215, SL 16.3 mm; (I-J) Conidae sp. 5, PRI 67234, TU 1422, SL 11.8 mm; (K-L) Conidae sp. 6, PRI 67233, TU 1422, SL 14.1 mm; (M-N) Conidae sp. 7, PRI 66167, TU 1422, SL 11.9 mm; (O) Conidae sp. 8, PRI 67571, TU 1215, SL 14.3 mm; (P-R) Conidae sp. 9, PRI 66149, TU 1215, SL 18.8 mm; (S-U) Conidae sp. 10, PRI 66145, TU 1215, SL 17.4 mm. All are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Fig 31.
Specimens are from locality station TU 1354 (Gurabo Fm.). (A-B) Conidae sp. 11, PRI 67253, SL 76.4 mm; (C) Conidae sp. 12, PRI 66172, MD 68.2 mm (only spire is preserved). All are reversed images of specimens photographed under UV light. Scale bar is 1 cm and pertains to all images.
Table 2.
Minimum ages of clades implied by the fossil record of Dominican Neogene cone snail fossils.