Table 1.
PCR primers for Nasonia vitripennis gene expression analysis.
Fig 1.
Sperm stock in seminal vesicles of emerging N. vitripennis white pupa males stressed at 34, 36 & 38°C for 24 hours (median with lower and upper quartiles).
Different letters indicate a significant difference between treatments at α = 0.05 (25° C: N = 12, 34°C: N = 11, 36°C: N = 11 and 38°C: N = 10).
Table 2.
Effects of different heat stresses, applied on white pupae, on adult emergence and survival of N. vitripennis.
Fig 2.
Histological examination of testes at the early pupal stage.
A) Morphology of germ cells in cysts from testes. GC = Germ Cell, CT = Cyst. Bar = 10μm. B) mRNA expression of non-differentiated and meiotic germ cells from the early pupal stage and legs.
Fig 3.
Morphology of the reproductive tract of control and heat-stressed males.
A) Morphology of germ cells in cysts from control testes at the second pupal stage. B) Morphology of germ cells in cysts from heat-stressed testes at the second pupal stage (after heat stress). C) Morphology of germ cells in cysts from control testes at the final pupal stage. D) Morphology of germ cells in cysts from heat-stressed testes at the final pupal stage (72 hours after heat stress). D) Morphology of seminal vesicles from control testes at the final pupal stage. E) Morphology of seminal vesicles from heat-stressed testes at the final pupal stage (72 hours after heat stress). GC = Germ Cell, SPD = Spermatid, CT = Cyst, TP = Testis Pocket, SPZ = Spermatozoa. Bar = 10 μm
Fig 4.
Total number of spermatozoa in female spermatheca after a single mating with either a control or a 36°C heat-stressed male (median with lower and upper quartiles).
** indicates a significant variation between heat-stressed and control males at α = 0.01 (Mann-Whitney, U = 0, N1 = 13, N2 = 13, P < 0.01).
Fig 5.
Behavioral response of virgin females to odors of control male versus no male (χ²1 = 3.2667, P = 0.041, N = 15) or control male versus 36°C heat-stressed male (χ²1 = 0.2222, P = 0.64, N = 18) in a still-air Y-tube olfactometer.
* indicates a significant difference at α = 0.05.
Fig 6.
Lifetime offspring sex ratio (proportion of females) produced by mated females with either a control or a heat-stressed male (median with lower and upper quartiles).
** indicates significant variation between female offspring of females mated with heat-stressed or control males at α = 0.01 (Mann-Whitney, U = 272, N1 = 20, N2 = 17, P < 0.01).