Fig 1.
Ant responses to introduced Arhopala larvae.
Ant responses to larvae of Arhopala dajagaka (a), A. amphimuta (b), and A. zylda (c) on trees of three Macaranga species: M. rufescens (RUF), M. trachyphylla (TRA), and M. beccariana (BEC) are presented. Solid, hatched, and opened columns indicate the percentages of attack, antennation, and ignoring behaviors, respectively. Numbers of tested trees (equal to the numbers of tested ant colonies) are represented in parentheses at the foot of the columns.
Table 1.
Summary of cuticular hydrocabons of plant-ants and Arhopala larvae on three Macaranga species.
Fig 2.
Composition of cuticular hydrocarbons of host ants and Arhopala larvae.
Columns indicate the mean relative amount of each hydrocarbon per individual of Arhopala larvae or per five workers of host plant-ants on (a) Macaranga rufescens, (b) M. trachyphylla, and (c) M. beccariana. Bars indicate standard deviations. Hydrocarbons are represented by abbreviations as shown in Table 1. For only A. zylda ((c), lower graph), the vertical axis is shown at an increased scale (x10) compared to the other panels.
Fig 3.
nMDS ordination based on the proportions of shared hydrocarbons of Arhopala dajagaka larvae and the host ants collected from six trees of Macaranga rufescens.
Open and closed circles indicate A. dajagaka larvae and ant workers, respectively. Alphabetical letters in the facet of axis 2 and 3 indicate the colony identification; same letters indicate the larvae or the ants collected from the same Macaranga tree. The MDS stress value was 0.031.
Fig 4.
Ant responses to Teflon rods applied with cuticular extract of Arhopala larvae.
Responses of the first 10 workers toward Teflon rods applied with cuticular crude extract of (a) Arhopala dajagaka, (b) A. amphimuta, and (c) A. zylda, and (d) n-hexane (control) in each trial are plotted. Green, red and blue symbols indicate plant-ant species on Macaranga rufescens, M. trachyphylla, and M. beccariana, respectively. Overlapping symbols are spread laterally. Filled and open symbols indicate trials for combinations of plant-ant species and Arhopala species on the same host plant species and those on the different host plant species, respectively.