Table 1.
Strains and plasmids used in this study.
Table 2.
Primers (5′-3′) used for cloning and qPCR/RT-PCR.
Table 3.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; μg ml-1) of β-lactams on recombinant E. coli cells harboring constructs from this work.
Table 4.
Zones of inhibition of EPI300 E. coli growth resulting from 400 μl supernatant following incubation with 100 μg ml-1 carbenicillin.
Fig 1.
Open reading frame (ORF) map of the insert of metagenomic clone βLR16.
Gray triangles designate the locations of transposon insertions that eliminated the resistance phenotype.
Fig 2.
Amino acid alignment of the BaeR response regulator of E. coli and the response regulator from βLR16.
Alignment was performed with MegAlign from the Lasergene software package from DNASTAR (Madison, WI) using the Lipman-Pearson alignment tool (Ktuple:2; Gap Penalty: 4; Gap Length Penalty: 12). Levels of similarity between the sequences are indicated as lines (identical) or dots (similar). The conserved aspartate residue that is phosphorylated is indicated in blue (Asp 56 in βLR16). Switch residues are indicated in gray (Thr 83 and Tyr 102 in βLR16), and amino acids from BaeR involved in domain swap interactions, and their βLR16 counterparts, are shown in red.
Table 5.
Fold change in gene expression of select E. coli genes in the presence of the regulator-containing vector (pCRC03UVRA) versus empty vector (pUVRA28b).