Table 1.
Prevalence of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Fig 1.
Relation of diagnosis of SLE and the onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Values are negative in those patients, who developed neuropsychiatric symptoms before they were diagnosed with SLE. Dotted lines show the median intervals between the onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms and diagnosis of SLE, i.e. 2 years in patients who developed neuropsychiatric symptoms before they were diagnosed with SLE and 10 years in patients who developed neuropsychiatric symptoms after they were diagnosed with SLE.
Fig 2.
Comparison of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity, as measured with the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM), in patients with and without cerebrovascular diseases.
Median values expressed as horizontal lines, interquartile ranges as boxes, and ranges as whiskers.
Table 2.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of NPSLE and non-NPSLE patients according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria.
Table 3.
Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in the subgroups with and without neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations.
Table 4.
Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with nonspecific headaches.
Table 5.
Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with ischemic stroke.
Table 6.
Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with seizures.
Table 7.
Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with grand mal seizures.