Table 1.
Overview of nine different DON biotransformation products in DON treated wheat samples.
Initial annotation for all biotransformation products was performed based on the maximum mass deviation of ± 3 ppm and relative retention order (deviation retention time: ± 0.2 min) compared to the same biotransformation products annotated in the former study [24].
Fig 1.
EICs of DON and its corresponding biotransformation products.
EICs of accurate mass traces (± 3 ppm) of DON and its corresponding biotransformation products in a wheat sample harvested 96 hours post treatment with 1 mg DON. Due to low abundance, EIC intensities of DON-di-hexoside were multiplied by a factor of 10.
Fig 2.
LC-HRMS/MS spectra of the DON biotransformation products.
a) DON-malonylglucoside, b) 15-acetyl-DON-3-β-D-glucoside and c) “DON-2H”-S glutathione (GSH), all LC-HRMS/MS spectra are shown with a proposed structure formula.
Fig 3.
Time course for the degradation of DON (1 mg) of wheat lines ‘CM-82036’, C1, C2, C3, C4 and ‘Remus’. Wheat ears were sampled 0, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours after treatment (n = 5 biological replicates per time point and wheat line). a) Degradation rate of DON. b) boxplot of relative concentrations 96 h after DON treatment. c) DON-glucoside/DON ratio 96 h after DON treatment. * Significantly differing DON levels between wheat lines with and without resistance QTL Fhb1 based on a non-paired t-test (5% global significance threshold).
Fig 4.
Detoxification of DON via glucosylation/sugar alcohol.
Glucose/sugar alcohol related detoxification of DON. Relative formation rates for the biotransformation products DON-glucoside (a), DON-malonyl-glucoside (b), 15-acetyl-DON-3-glucoside (c) and DON-hexitol (d). Additionally, for each biotransformation product boxplots for relative metabolite abundance observed 96 h after DON treatment were generated. * Significantly differing biotransformation product levels between wheat lines with and without resistance QTL Fhb1 based on a non-paired t-test (5% global significance threshold).
Fig 5.
Detoxification of DON via glutathione pathway.
Glutathione pathway related detoxification of DON. Relative formation rates for biotransformation products DON-S-glutathione (a) and its related degradation products “DON-2H”-S-glutathione (b), DON-S-cysteinylglycine (c) and DON-S-cysteine (d). Additionally, for each biotransformation product boxplots for relative metabolite abundance observed 96 h after DON treatment were generated. * Significantly differing biotransformation product levels between wheat lines with and without resistance QTL Fhb1 based on a non-paired t-test (5% global significance threshold).