Table 1.
Copper contents of control group, copper-laden model group and model+PAgroup.
Fig 1.
Typical 1H NMR spectra of serum (a) and urine (b) samples obtained from the WD rat model.
Leu: leucine; Val: valine; Lac: lactate; Ala: alanine; NAG: N-acetylglutamate; Gln: Glutamine; Py: pyruvate; Cn: creatinine; Glu: glucose; 2-HB: 2-hydroxybutyrate; Bu: butyrate; 3-HB: 3-hydroxybutyrate; Ace: acetate; NAC: N-acetylglycoprotein; Suc: succinate; a-KG: alpha-ketoglutarate; Ci: cirtrate; MA: methylamine; DMA: dimethylamine; Bet: betaine; Tau: taurine; Gly: glycine; PAG: phenylacetylglycine; Hip: hippurate; p-HPA: para-hydroxyphenylacetate; For: formate.
Fig 2.
PLS-DA models of 1H NMR metabolomics data for control group (Blue triangle), copper-laden model group (Red dot) and model+PA group (Purple square).
(a) scores plot of 1H-NMR data of blood serum samples. (b) scores plot of 1H-NMR data of urine samples.
Fig 3.
PLS-DA models of 1H NMR serum spectra.
(a) scores plot of the control and model groups(R2 = 71.2%, Q2 = 62.9%) with one PLS-DA component and (b) permutation test for model in (a); (c) scores plot of the copper-laden model and model+PA groups (R2 = 85.9%, Q2 = 75.7%) with 2 components and (d) permutation test for model in (c); (e) scores plot of the control and model+PA groups (R2 = 90.4%, Q2 = 21.0%) with one component and (f) permutation test for model in (e). Colored symbols: Blue triangle for the control group; Red dot for the model group; Purple square for the model+PA group. Blue diamond is denoted as R2; Red star is denoted as Q2. The ellipse shows the Hotelling’s T2-range (at a significance level of 0.05).
Fig 4.
Comparison of serum metabolites between control, copper-laden model and model+PA groups.
Results are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 8). * p< 0.05; ** p<0.01.
Fig 5.
PLS-DA scores plots of 1H NMR urine spectra.
(a) Scores plot of the control and copper-laden model groups (R2 = 92.6%, Q2 = 57.9%) with 2 components and (b) permutation test for model in (a); (c) scores plot of the copper-laden model and model+PA groups (R2 = 98.1%, Q2 = 82.6%) with 3 components and (d) permutation test for model in (c); (e) scores plot of the control and model+PA groups (R2 = 98.9%, Q2 = 87.9%) with 2 components and (f) permutation test for model in (e); Colored symbols: Blue triangle for the control group; Red dot for the model group; Purple square for the model+PA group. Blue diamond is denoted as R2; Red star is denoted as Q2. The ellipse shows the Hotelling’s T2-range (at a significance level of 0.05)
Fig 6.
Comparison of urinary metabolites between control, copper-laden model and model+PA groups.
Results are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 8). * p< 0.05; ** p<0.01. p-HPA: p-hydroxyphenylacetate, α-KG: alpha-ketoglutarate, NAG: N-acetylglutamate, NAC: N-acetylglycoprotein.
Fig 7.
Metabolic pathways affected by copper accumulation.
Elements in blank box represent the metabolites influenced by copper-laden diet and PA treatment. The elements in green box represent the enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway. The elements in yellow box represent the peripheral pathways that can be associated with the characteristic metabolites.