Fig 1.
Each needle assembly comprises an opaque guide tube (1) and upper stuffing (2) to provide resistance to the needle body during its passage through the guide tube. The body of the penetrating needle (3) is longer than the guide tube by an amount equal to the insertion depth, but the body of the non-penetrating needle (4) is only long enough to allow its blunt tip to press against the skin when the needle body is advanced to its limit. The non-penetrating needle contains stuffing at the bottom as well (5) to give a sensation similar to that of skin puncture and tissue penetration. Both needles have a stopper (6) that prevents the needle handle (7) from advancing further when the sharp tip of the penetrating needle (8) or the blunt tip of the non-penetrating needle (9) reaches the specified position. The pedestal (10) on each needle is adhesive, allowing it to adhere firmly to the skin surface. The diameter of the needles used in this study was 0.16 mm.
Fig 2.
The five acupuncture points.
Fig 3.
Patients who developed pain levels of ≥ 3 (0–10) up to 4 hours following surgical removal of one mandibular third molar were randomized to receive active acupuncture (AA) or placebo acupuncture (PA) for 30 minutes. Pain levels were measured at pretreatment, halfway through the session, and at the end of the session. Needles were rotated during insertion, halfway through the session, and at the end of the session right before they were removed. The patients and the acupuncturist were asked about the experience of de qi right after insertion of the needle and at the end of the study, respectively. Both the patients and the acupuncturist reported perceived treatment allocation at the end of the study.
Table 1.
Patients’ perceived treatment allocation in relation to actual treatment allocation.
Table 2.
Acupuncturists’ perceived treatment allocation in relation to actual treatment allocation.