Fig 1.
Representation of the mediation model described in the section “Migration distance and Froh”.
The five covariates included in the model (the three PCs reflecting ancestry, city size, and religion) are not shown in this Figure.
Table 1.
Mean distance in km between birthplaces, and p-values of t-tests testing the difference in birthplace distance between parental educational attainment (EA) levels.
Fig 2.
Migrations from the parental birthplace to the offspring birthplace.
The average distance the colors are based on are: father: 28.47 km (SD = 44.45); mother: 30.16 km (SD = 44.45). The difference between the moving distance of fathers with a Secondary Education and fathers with a Tertiary Education is best suited to visualize the effect because of the almost equal sample sizes with respect to individuals plotted (i.e., moved) and the significant increase of moving distance (see Table 1); also note that fathers with Secondary Education have >25% measurements in total, which is another indicator of the difference in migration levels.
Table 2.
Crosstab of 2,058 spouse pairs and their educational attainment, including χ2 test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
Table 3.
Mean Froh of the offspring, standard deviation, and sample sizes for each educational attainment (EA) group.
Table 4.
Standardized betas (and p-values between brackets) in the bottom six rows for each of the predictors included in the linear regressions with offspring Froh as a dependent variable, as well as the R2 change (= increase in explained variance after adding educational attainment (EA) as a predictor) and its empirical p-value from 100k permutations in the top row.
Fig 3.
Association between geography and ancestry per parental educational attainment level.
A—Left: geographic distribution of PC1 (N = ~5,000 unrelated Dutch subjects), where the mean PC1 value per postal code (current living address) was computed, divided into 10 percentiles, and plotted. Right: two plots showing the explained variance (R2) of the offspring’s PC1 by the North-South gradient based on the offspring’s birthplace, per parental educational group. B—Left: geographic distribution of PC2. Right: two plots showing R2 between offspring PC2 and the East-West gradient based on offspring’s birth place.