Fig 1.
British Columbia (BC) coastline and bathymetry (isobaths in metres: thin grey—100, 200, 300, …, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000, 2500; thick blue—200, 500, 800, and 1600).
The continental slope along most of BC comprises steep slopes, especially along the west coasts of Haida Gwaii and northern Vancouver Island. Hecate Strait is largely dominated by shallow waters and a flat seafloor. Sponge reef core protected areas in Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound are shaded pink. The Strait of Georgia forms a large inland sea that is heavily influenced by river runoff and tidal currents. Saltwater finfish farm and hatchery sites are indicated by open red circles, commercial marine shellfish farms are indicated by solid green circles [345]. Select seamounts [346] are marked by blue triangles. Canada’s Exclusive Economic Zone (200-nautical miles offshore) is delimited in red. Map was prepared using PBSmapping in R [347]. The R code is provided as Supporting Information (S1 Code).
Fig 2.
Estimated present-day ranges of PCO2 (red) and pH (blue) during spring [40] and summer [27] for various depth zones along the outer BC continental shelf, with typical species found in each zone (see Methods).
There are numerous data above 50m and few below 125 m. The number of values in each depth zone from top to bottom are: 70, 116, 33, 45, 5, 4 and 2, respectively. Above 50 m, the distributions of values are skewed, such that high PCO2 (low pH) extremes occur less often than the low PCO2 (high pH) extremes. Data and R code for this figure are provided as Supporting Information (S2 Code).
Fig 3.
Depth-of-capture, expressed as quantile box plots of depth (m), from fisheries and survey data (where available) for species groups identified in Fig. 4.
For each quantile box, the upper whisker, box top, box delimiter (horizontal line), box bottom and lower whisker correspond to the 0.025, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 0.975 quantiles, respectively. Depth quantiles that lie deeper than the figure limit are indicated along the bottom. Horizontal dashed lines correspond to depth zones in Fig. 2. See Methods for data sources. Data and R code for this figure are provided in Supporting Information (S1 Data and S3 Code, respectively).
Fig 4.
Summary of ocean acidification effects on (A) wild, and (B) farmed species groups in BC waters, including landed value for those that are fished or farmed.
Species groups are arranged vertically by trophic level, adapted from output by Preikshot [38] (courtesy of D. Preikshot, Madrone Environmental Services, Duncan BC). Areas of circles are proportional to the landed values in 2011, based on data in [34] (and [39] for euphausiids). Squares represent species groups that are not commercially harvested. Solid colours represent the likely direct effects of ocean acidification (see Results for explanations). Stippling refers to possible effects. For species marked by an asterisk (*), colours represent indirect effects. Data and R code for this figure are provided as Supporting Information (S4 Code).
Table 1.
Terminology used in the text to quantify levels of PCO2 used in manipulation experiments.
S2 Table provides details for each treatment in each experiment cited.