Fig 1.
Flow chart enumerating the sequence of steps used to develop and validate the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure Scale.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic features of the samples.
Table 2.
Rasch analysis of emotional neglect scale.
Fig 2.
Rasch analysis of emotional neglect subscale showing item characteristic curve, item information curve and test information function.
Table 3.
Rasch analysis of non-verbal emotional abuse scale.
Table 4.
Rasch analysis of parental physical maltreatment scale.
Table 5.
Rasch analysis of parental verbal abuse scale.
Table 6.
Rasch analysis of peer emotional abuse.
Table 7.
Rasch analysis of peer physical bullying.
Table 8.
Rasch analysis of physical neglect scale.
Table 9.
Rasch analysis of sexual abuse scale.
Table 10.
Rasch analysis of witnessing interparental violence.
Table 11.
Rasch analysis of witnessing violence to sibling scale.
Fig 3.
Bland and Altman analysis of reliability / reproducibility of test—retest scores. Red line indicates the mean difference between test and retest scores, which is close to zero. Horizontal lines indicate confidence intervals showing that test-retest difference scores fall within ± 2 points.
Table 12.
Test-retest reliability of MACE subscale scores (n = 75).
Table 13.
Test-retest reliability of MACE severity scores across age (n = 75).
Table 14.
Prevalence of self-reported exposure to different types of maltreatment in the sample and in male and female participants.
Table 15.
Prevalence of self-reported exposure to number of different types of maltreatment in the entire sample and in male and female participants (n = 1051).
Table 16.
Comparative differences between MACE MULTI and ACE scores in the percent variance they can account for in Kellner Symptom Questionnaire scores (n = 1041).
Table 17.
Comparative differences between MACE MULTI and ACE scores in the percent variance they can account for in symptoms of dissociation, limbic irritability and suicidal ideation.
Table 18.
Comparative differences between MACE SUM and CTQ scores in the percent variance they can account for in Kellner Symptom Questionnaire scores (n = 395).
Table 19.
Comparative differences between MACE SUM and CTQ scores in the percent variance they can account for in symptoms of dissociation, limbic irritability and suicidal ideation.
Table 20.
Cross-correlation in MACE severity scores to the ten types of maltreatment using pair-wise comparisons.
Table 21.
Linear mixed effects models indicating main effects of recollected ages of exposure, gender and their interaction on severity of exposure scores (n = 1049–1051).
Fig 4.
Recollected time course of exposure to emotional neglect, non-verbal emotional abuse, parental verbal abuse, parental physical maltreatment, peer motional abuse and peer physical bullying in males and females.
Fig 5.
Recollected time course of exposure to physical neglect, familial and non-familial sexual abuse, witnessing interparental violence and witnessing violence to siblings in males and females.
Fig 6.
Statistical Differences in Time Course Across Different Types of Abuse.
A. Heat map showing Z-score differences in time course of exposure to different types of maltreatment in females. Darker shading is indicative of more significant differences. B. Multidimensional scaling showing in 2-dimensional Euclidean space the degree of similarity or difference in time course of exposure to different types of maltreatment in females. The greater the distance between exposure types the more significant the difference. C. Heat map showing Z-score differences in time course of exposure to different types of maltreatment in males. D. Multidimensional scaling showing in 2-dimensional Euclidean space the degree of similarity or difference in time course of exposure to different types of maltreatment in males. Abbreviations: EN—emotional neglect; NVEA—parental non-verbal abuse; Phys—parental physical maltreament; PVA—parental verbal abuse; Peer_E—peer emotional abuse; Peer_P—peer physical abuse; PN—physical neglect; SexAb—sexual abuse; WIPV—witnessing interparental violence; WSibA—witnessing sibling abuse.