Fig 1.
The experimental setup, consisting of a laptop computer and a Novint Falcon haptic device.
Fig 2.
Path displayed to users in map mode, with overlaid dots displaying waypoints (red) and cursor start position (green).
The image presented to the participants was superimposed on an aerial photo of the Gowanus Canal.
Fig 3.
Example of image displayed during tagging mode with on-screen keyboard.
Fig 4.
Bar plot of survey results for questions Q3–Q9 (see Table 1).
Gray bars indicate the proportion of positive responses from patients, while black bars refer to healthy subjects (for Q6–Q9, neutral responses are omitted). An asterisk above the bar indicates a significant difference from chance. For Q6–Q9, the fraction of neutral responses is: 0.17, 0.57, 0.43, and 0.50 for healthy subjects, respectively, and 0.33, 0.63, 0.37, and 0.27 for patients.
Table 1.
List of survey questions administered to all participants after the completion of both tasks.
Fig 5.
Speed metric (SM), normalized path length (NPL), mean of jerk (MJ), mean arrest period ratio (MAPR), path duration (PD), and task duration (TD) for both groups and both tasks, where P_T, P_NT, H_T, and H_NT denote respectively patients task T, patients task NT, healthy subjects task T, and healthy subjects task NT.
Results are given as box plots, where the red line is the median, edges are the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers extend to the extremes of the data. Whiskers not sharing a common letter are statistically different.