Fig 1.
Flow diagram for study selection.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included randomized controlled trials.
Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment of included randomized controlled trials.
Table 3.
Additional short-term effectiveness results from randomized controlled trials.
Fig 2.
Results of meta-analysis of RCT data for ONS compared with sham stimulation: days with prolonged (≥4 hours) moderate or severe headache.
Fig 3.
Results of meta-analysis of RCT data for ONS compared with sham stimulation: response rate.
Fig 4.
Adverse effects associated with implantation and/or use of occipital nerve stimulation: lead migrations.
Fig 5.
Adverse effects associated with implantation and/or use of occipital nerve stimulation: infections.
Saper 2011—the number shown was infections at site for lead/extension tract. There were additionally four ‘complications at incision sites’.[17] Silberstein et al. 2012—there were additionally ‘wound site complications’ (four at 3 months;[28] five at 1 year[30]). Lipton et al. described infections being the most frequent device-related adverse events but did not report the numbers in their published abstract.[16] The three cases described by Kiss and colleagues were ‘inflammation at surgical sites’ (3/10, 30%) that were treated with intravenous and oral antibiotics.[33] They stated that ‘neither blood nor wound cultures identified bacterial growth’.