Fig 1.
Flow diagram showing the selection process and results during the study screening process.
Table 1.
Proportion of outcomes with improvement or no benefit with three different ADHD treatment modalities.
Fig 2.
Effect sizes for outcomes reported to have statistically significant improvement with treatment compared with pre-treatment baseline scores (A) or a group of individuals with untreated ADHD (B). Effect sizes were grouped according to treatment modality used in each study and graphed with Y-axis scales appropriate for each index (Cohen’s d, f, or w) that were then matched at conventional criteria [23] for small, medium, and large effect sizes (dashed lines) for comparison (values for each index shown on right Y-axis).
Fig 3.
(A) Benefit with each treatment modality for each outcome domain. Each bar represents the percentage of outcomes reported to exhibit benefit (either significantly improved from untreated baseline or significantly improved compared with a group of untreated individuals with ADHD) with each treatment modality. (B) Benefit with each treatment modality for different age groups at follow-up. The colored sections within bars represent the percentage of outcomes reported to improve (benefit) or not (no benefit) for each treatment modality for children (mid-range age 6–12 years) and adolescents (mid-range age 13–17 years), and all ages. Adults (mid-range age 18–84 years) are not presented separately because there were only studies of pharmacological treatment in this age group at follow-up. The numbers on the bars indicate the number of outcomes represented in each bar. Some studies reported outcomes with more than one type of treatment.
Fig 4.
Effect of age of treatment initiation, treatment duration, and follow-up time.
Bars represent the percentage of outcomes reported for each age-of-initiation group (A), treatment duration (B), or time to follow-up measures (C). The numbers on the bars are the number of outcomes represented by the section of the bar. The number of studies represented in each bar is presented below the bars.
Fig 5.
Treatment benefit by follow-up age group for each outcome domain.
Colors and shades within bars represent the percentage of outcomes reported for each outcome domain. Blue = benefit; orange-yellow = no benefit. Darker shades indicate younger age groups. The numbers on the bars are the number of outcomes represented by the section of the bar.