Figure 1.
Graphical representation of nanomiemgel and its hypothetical paths of entry into the skin where T: Transcellular & P: Para cellular route of absorption.
Figure 2.
Typical graph representing the texture analysis of a gel.
Figure 3.
Chromatograms showing separation of aceclofenac and capsaicin.
Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile+10 mM acetate buffer (55+45 v/v) pH adjusted to 3 with acetic acid. Flow: 1 mL/min. Column: Symmetry C18 column, 150×4.5 mm.
Table 1.
Various rheological measurements of different formulations after performing the texture analysis.
Figure 4.
In vitro drug release of a) Aceclofenac b) Capsaicin from different formulations in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.
Data expressed as mean±SD (n = 6). Cumulative % of ACE & CAP released from FD after 24 h was significantly less when compared to NMG, NMI, NEM and MKT. Significant where *p<0.05.
Figure 5.
AFM Images for NEM formulation.
(a) Topographic (b) Phase mode (c) 3D topography (d) Mean NP radius.
Figure 6.
AFM Images for NMI formulation.
(a) Topographic (b) Phase mode (c) 3D topography (d) Mean NP radius.
Figure 7.
AFM Images for NMG formulation.
(a) Topographic (b) Phase mode (c) 3D topography (d) Mean NP radius.
Figure 8.
Stability study results of a) & b) are ACE and CAP at 40°C±2°C/75%RH±5%RH, c) & d) are ACE and CAP at 25°C±2°C/60%RH±5%RH, e) & f) are ACE and CAP at 2–8°C.
There was a significant decrease in drug content at 6th month compared to 0 month in the formulations stored at 40°C but not in the samples stored at 25°C and 2–8°C and the decrease was more significant with marketed formulation. Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, significant where *p<0.05, **p<0.001, NS: Not significant compared to % drug content in first month.
Figure 9.
Permeation of aceclofenac and capsaicin through dermatomed human skin.
a) Permeation of aceclofenac b) Permeation of capsaicin. Cumulative % of ACE & CAP permeated after 24 h through dermatomed human skin from NMG was significantly more compared to FD, MKT, NEM and NMI. Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, Significant where *p<0.05.
Table 2.
Percentage of drug permeated through dermatomed human skin and retention of drug (µg/gm) in different layers of the human skin in vitro.
Figure 10.
Retention of total aceclofenac & capsaicin in stratum corneum (sc), epidermis (ed) & dermis (de) of dermatomed human skin after 24 h.
a) Retention of aceclofenac b) Retention of capsaicin. Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, significant where *p<0.05, **p<0.001 vs FD or positive control.
Figure 11.
Study of in vitro skin permeation of FITC loaded NEM, NMI and NMG across the rat skin using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Figure 12.
Mean protein-unbound drug concentration–time.
Profile of a) aceclofenac and b) capsaicin in microdialysate samples after topical application of nanomiemgel (NMG) and marketed gel (MKT) in hairless rats. Cmax of both ACE and CAP obtained in microdialysate samples from NMG were significantly more than the MKT. Data represent mean±SD, n = 3, Significant where *p<0.05.
Figure 13.
Mice without and with IMQ treatment.
Figure 14.
SSI (Scoring severity Index) values obtained from the scoring of the severity of skin inflammation in IMQ induced psoriatic like inflammation model of mice during the treatment with different formulations.
Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, significant where *p<0.05 and **p<0.001 vs FD or positive control.
Figure 15.
Difference in ear thickness of mice during treatment with different formulations.
Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, significant where *p<0.05 and **p<0.001 vs FD or positive control.
Figure 16.
Illustration of the differences in spleen weights of the mice after treatment with different formulations for 5 days.
Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, significant where *p<0.05 and **p<0.001 vs FD or positive control.
Figure 17.
H&E histological staining showing altered keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation with IMQ exposure.
C57/BL mice were exposed to the IMQ suspension for 5 days followed by treatment. i) Negative control (NC) ii) Positive Control (PC) iii) Free Drug (FD) iv) Marketed gel (MKT) v) Nano emulsion (NEM) vi) Nano micelle (NMI) vii) Nano miemgel (NMG). Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, significant where *p<0.05.
Figure 18.
Immunohistochemistry IL-23 for i) Negative control (NC) ii) Positive Control (PC) iii) Free Drug (FD) iv) Marketed gel (MKT) v) Nano emulsion (NEM) vi) Nano micelle (NMI) vii) Nano miemgel(NMG).
Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, significant where *p<0.05.
Figure 19.
Permeation of a) Aceclofenac (ACE) & b) Capsaicin (CAP) through psoriatic like inflamed skin treated with different formulations.
Cumulative % of ACE & CAP permeated after 24 h through psoriatic like inflamed skin from NMG was significantly more compared to PC, FD, MKT, NEM and NMI. Significant where p<0.05, Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, (*p<0.05 when NMG vs MKT, NEM, NMI; **p<0.001 when NMG vs PC, FD).
Figure 20.
Total permeation of ACE & CAP after 24 h through psoriatic like inflamed mice skin treated with different formulations.
Data represent mean±SD, n = 6, significant where *p<0.05 and **p<0.001 vs FD or positive control.
Table 3.
Percentage of drug permeated through the psoriatic-like inflamed skin from NMG after being treated with different formulations.