Figure 1.
2.5D visualization of the hepatic vessel systems.
Portal vein, hepatic vein, hepatic artery & bile ducts are rendered. Even though the vessels are color coded and the trunks are partially cut off, the whole image is still confusing in this projection.
Figure 2.
Screenshot of the LiverViewer.
The user interface is divided into four parts: CT slices with color overlays (top left), interactive surface shaded objects (bottom left), resection proposal selection (top right) and analysis data (bottom right).
Figure 3.
Example of one of the multiple pages from the auxiliary 2D PDF.
This page contains tables with volume information (top) and a static screenshot of a resection proposal (bottom).
Table 1.
Overview of considered technologies.
Figure 4.
Conversion of the multi-page chapter structure of the 2D PDF.
The chapter structure of the conventional 2D PDF (left) was converted into a single-page menu structure in the 3D PDF (right). Contents of the summary chapter can be accessed by the “i”-button, which opens an overlay window. Contents of the remaining chapters can be accessed by respective drop-down menu items.
Figure 5.
Emphasis of tumors by accentuating their contours.
Four projections of the same scene with tumors not emphasized (left, (A) and (C)) and emphasized (right, (B) and (D)) in two different projections (anterior-posterior, top, (A) and (B) and posterior-anterior, bottom, (C) and (D)). Emphasized tumors can be perceived better, even if they are lying behind vessels and territory borders (arrow marks).
Figure 6.
User interface of the 3D PDF report.
(1) 3D viewport with scene information at the bottom, (2) drop-down menu for selection of 3D objects, (3) navigation menu, (4) overlay window for resection-specific information and (5) built-in help.
Table 2.
Feature overview of the report data formats.
Figure 7.
Usage rates of the three report formats 3D PDF, 2D PDF and LiverViewer.
Almost all respondents (92.3%) use the 3D PDF often or always (“high usage”). The remaining respondents use it rarely or sometimes (“low usage”).
Table 3.
User assessment of the usefulness of the characteristics and features of the 3D PDF.
Table 4.
Results of the UEQ.
Figure 8.
These tessellation artifacts have been observed on low-end graphic boards in MacOS hardware.