Table 1.
Effects of Artemisinin (0, 40, 80, 160 μM) on leaf fresh and dry weight (g) and leaf fresh/dry weight ratio of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Table 2.
Carbon (%) and nitrogen (%) and C/N ratio in leaves of thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) following 1 week exposure to artemisinin at 0, 40, 80, 160 μM concentrations.
Table 3.
Sodium (mg g−1), potassium (mg g−1), phosphate (mg g−1), hydrogen (mg g−1), aluminium (mg kg−1) and copper (mg kg−1) contents in leaves of thale cress following 1 week exposure to artemisinin at 0, 40, 80, 160 μM concentrations in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Figure 1.
Photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a (A) and b (B) in Arabidopsis leaves after treatment with 0, 40, 80, and 160 μM artemisinin and untreated control.
Whole plants were measured and the values integrated afterwards. Fifteen measures were obtained for each parameter at each measuring time, which gave a kinetic plot for each parameter along the time. The integral value of the area was obtained for each parameter at every time. *Asterisks show the statistical significance as compared to control at p < 0.005. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data and by Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data.
Figure 2.
Values of maximum photosynthetic efficiency of dark-adapted PSII (Fv/Fm) (A), maximum photosynthetic yield (Ф II) (B) and apparent electron transport rate (ETR) (C) in whole Arabidopsis plants after treatment with 0, 40, 80 and 160 μM artemisinin.
Whole plants were measured and the values integrated afterwards. Fifteen measures were obtained for each parameter at each measuring time, which gave a kinetic plot for each parameter along the time. The integral value of the area was obtained for each parameter at every time. The table shows the statistical significance of positive (+) or negative (-) differences with respect to untreated plants. Plus signs indicate positive differences with respect to controls and minus signs negative differences. The number of plus or minus signs indicates statistical significance: one, p < 0.05; two, p < 0.01; three, p < 0.001.. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data and by Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data.
Figure 3.
Values of the quantum yield of light-induced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) quantum yield of all photosynthetically active photon fluxes other than ФNPQ, NPQ and ФNO in whole Arabidopsis plants after treatment with 0, 40, 80 and 160 μM artemisinin.
Whole plants were measured and the values integrated afterwards. Fifteen measures were obtained for each parameter at each measuring time, which gave a kinetic plot for each parameter along the time. The integral value of the area was obtained for each parameter at every time. Table shows the statistical significance of positive (+) or negative (-) differences with respect to untreated plants. Plus signs indicate positive differences with respect to controls and minus signs negative differences. The number of plus or minus signs indicates statistical significance: one, p < 0.05; two, p < 0.01; three, p < 0.001. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data and by Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data.
Figure 4.
Values of the chlorophyll fluorescence quenching coefficients (qP, qL, qN) in whole Arabidopsis plants after treatment with 0, 40, 80, 160 μM artemisinin.
Whole plants were measured and the values integrated afterwards. Fifteen measures were obtained for each parameter at each measuring time, which gave a kinetic plot for each parameter along the time. The integral value of the area was obtained for each parameter at every time. *Asterisks show the statistical significance as compared to control at p < 0.005. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data and by Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data.
Figure 5.
Changes in leaf lipid peroxidation (% malondialdehyde content nmol/mL) and root oxidizability (TTC mg/g FW) in A. thaliana following treatment with artemisinin (0, 40, 80, 160 μM).
*Asterisks show the significant difference at p < 0.005. Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity. The statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data and by Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data. Each value represents the mean (± S.E.) of four replicates.
Figure 6.
Magnesium and iron contents (dry weight basis) of leaves of thale cress treated with different concentrations (0, 40, 80, and 160 μM) of artemisinin and in untreated control one week after treatment.
*Asterisks show the statistical significance as compared to control at p < 0.005. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data, and by Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data. Each value represents the mean (± S.E.) of four replicates.
Figure 7.
Zinc and calcium contents (dry weight basis) of leaves of A. thaliana treated with different concentrations (0, 40, 80, 160 μM) of artemisinin and in untreated control one week after treatment.
*Asterisks show the statistical significance as compared to control at p < 0.005. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data and by Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data. Each value represents the mean (± S.E.) of four replicates.
Figure 8.
Changes in leaf protein contents in leaves of A. thaliana following exposure to one week of artemisinin at 40, 80 and 160 μM concentrations and untreated 0 (Control).
*Asterisks show the statistical significance as compared to control at p < 0.005. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by the Duncan test for homoscedastic data and by the Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data. Each value represents the mean (± S.E.) of four replicates.
Figure 9.
Changes in carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) in leaves of A. thaliana following exposure to artemisinin at 0, 40, 80, 160 μM.
*Asterisks show the statistical significance as compared to control at p < 0.005. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data and by Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data. Each value represents the mean (± S.E.) of four replicates.
Figure 10.
Ratio of intercellular CO2 concentrations from leaf to air (ci/ca) in A. thaliana following exposure to different concentrations of artemisinin at 0, 40, 80, 160 μM.
*Asterisks show the statistical significance as compared to control at p < 0.005. After Kolmogorov—Smirnov testing for non-normality and Levene’s testing for heteroscedasticity, the statistical significance of differences among group means was estimated by analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for homoscedastic data, and by the Dunnett test for heteroscedastic data. Each value represents the mean (± S.E.) of four replicates.