Figure 1.
TIM-2 schematic, slightly modified from Maathuis et al., [42].
a) peristaltic compartments with a hollow membrane inside, b) pH sensor, c) NaOH secretion, d) dialysate system, e) level sensor, f) gaseous N2 inlet, g) sampling port, h) gas outlet, i) test compound + SIEM feeding syringe, j) temperature sensor.
Figure 2.
Study design.
Figure 3.
Cumulative production of SCFA.
A) acetate, B) propionate, C) n-butyrate and D) lactate produced during 72 h fermentation of apple fiber, sugar beet pectin, GOS and lactulose using microbiota from lean or obese subjects.
Table 1.
Cumulative production of BCFA and ammonia after 72 h of addition of apple fiber, sugar beet pectin, GOS or lactulose.
Figure 4.
Values obtained after 72 h fermentation of GOS, lactulose, apple fiber and sugar beet using microbiota from lean or obese subjects. Total energy extraction for control-L and -O were 176 and 162 kJ, respectively. The calculation was performed by multiplying the SCFA and lactate produced by their corresponding kJ mol−1 value as explained in the materials and methods section.
Figure 5.
Abundance (%) of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and others.
Phyla were analyzed in the fermentations with microbiota from lean (L) or obese (O) subjects at time zero. Data from all runs (fermentation-L n = 11; fermentation-O n = 10) were taken. The category presented as “Other” includes the sum of Verrucomicrobia, Lentisphaerae, Tenericutes and unclassified bacteria which constituted a low abundance in the samples.
Table 2.
Relative change of bacterial genera after 72 h of fermentation experiments in TIM-21.