Figure 1.
Location, geomorphology, and land cover in 2000 of Puerto Rico (Land cover information from Kennaway and Helmer, 2007).
Table 1.
The fragmentation indices used in the landscape analysis.
Table 2.
Island-wide fragmentation analyses for urban, forest, and wetland areas in 1991 and 2000.
Figure 2.
Spatial distributions of reforestation sites, deforestation sites, and unchanged forests (F_F) during the period of 1991–2000.
The forest distribution in the deforestation-only scenario includes the F_F only, while that in the reforestation-only scenario includes all the three types. The true distribution in 1991 includes deforestation sites and unchanged forests; the true distribution in 2000 includes unchanged forests and reforestation sites.
Figure 3.
Fragmentation dynamics of (a) urban edge density (ED, m ha−1), (b) forest mean patch area (AREA_MN, ha), and (c) wetland edge-to-area ratio (EDGE_AREA, m m−2) in 1977, 1991, and 2000.
Table 3.
Assessment of average increments of the fragmentation indices from 1991 to 2000 by fitting the intercept of the spatial error model.
Figure 4.
Predicted changes in urban and forest fragmentation index with the distance to urban centers in 1977, 1991, and 2000.
(a) the edge-to-area ratio of urban areas; (b) the edge density of urban areas; (c) the edge density of forests; and (d) the mean patch area of forests.
Table 4.
Spatial error models of land fragmentation indices regressed on biophysical and socioeconomic drivers.