Figure 1.
The simplified framework of Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) for assessing the effects of climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration on global terrestrial net primary production (NPP).
Figure 2.
Contemporary vegetation map of the world as observed from the DLEM model for the year 2010.
TrWW: Tropical Woody Wetlands; TWW: Temperate Woody Wetlands, BWW: Boreal Woody Wetlands, Her.W: Herbaceous Wetlands, EShrub: Evergreen Shrubland; DShrub: Deciduous Shrubland; TrBEF: Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest; TrBDF: Tropical Broadleaf Deciduous Forest; TNDF: Temperate Needleleaf Deciduous Forest; TNEF: Temperate Needleleaf Evergreen Forest; TBEF: Temperate Broadleaf Evergreen Forest; TBDF: Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous Forest; BNDF: Boreal Needleleaf Deciduous Forest; BNEF: Boreal Needleleaf Evergreen Forest; Others: Desert & Ice.
Figure 3.
Input datasets used for driving the DLEM model based on CRUNCEP analysis. Temperature and precipitation change for A2 (A) and B1 (B) scenario and changes in CO2 concentration between A2 and B1 emission scenario.
Figure 4.
Spatial pattern of temperature and precipitation estimated as an average difference between 2099–2090 and 2000–2009: temperature (A) and precipitation (B) under A2 scenario and temperature (C) and precipitation (D) under B1 scenario.
Figure 5.
Spatial patterns of MODIS-NPP (A) and DLEM-simulated NPP (B) during 2000–2009 and comparison of the DLEM-simulated NPP with MODIS-NPP (C) for 6000 randomly selected grids.
Figure 6.
Effect of inter-annual variation in precipitation and temperature on global net primary productivity during the contemporary period (2000–2009) (left panel) and changes in mean annual NPP of major biomes as a function of temperature and precipitation (right panel).
Left Panel: Mean annual temperature anomalies (a), annual precipitation anomalies (b), and net primary productivity (c) and right panel: average (2000–2009) temperature (a) average precipitation (b) and average net primary productivity (c).
Figure 7.
Temporal pattern of change in terrestrial NPP: Global (A), low-latitude (B), mid-latitude (C) and high-latitude (D) as a function of climate and increasing atmospheric CO2 under A2 and B1.
Figure 8.
Effect of temperature and precipitation on global net primary productivity during the rest of the 21st century (2010–2099) under A2 (left panel) and B1 (right panel) climate change scenarios.
Table 1.
Decadal changes in global terrestrial net primary production (NPP) and across low-, mid-, and high-latitude regions under A2 and B1 scenario for climate and climate plus CO2 experiments.
Figure 9.
Spatial variation in terrestrial NPP as influenced by climate-only and climate with CO2.
Climate only (A) and climate with CO2 (B) under A2 scenario, and climate only (C) and climate plus CO2 (D) under B1 scenario.
Figure 10.
Spatial variation in precipitation and NPP estimated as a difference between dry year and long term (2000–2099) mean: precipitation difference between 2019 and long term mean (A) for A2 scenario, NPP difference between 2019 and long term mean (B) for A2 scenario climate-only simulation, precipitation difference between 2020 and long term mean (C) for B1 scenario and NPP difference between 2020 and long term mean (D) for B1 climate-only simulation.
Table 2.
Decadal mean of terrestrial net primary production (NPP) in the contemporary period (2000–2009) and change in NPP between the 2090s and the 2000s among major biomes.
Figure 11.
Contribution of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration to NPP during the 2090s calculated as a difference between climate plus CO2 and climate-only experiments: A2 scenario (A) and B1 scenario (B).
Figure 12.
The effect of CO2 ferilization on terrestrial NPP across the globe (A), low-latitude (B), mid-latitude (C), and high-latitude (D) under A2 and B1 scenarios.
For each unit of CO2 (ppm), the A2 scenario show a highest rate of increase in NPP (mgC m−2) compared to B1 scenario.