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Table 1.

Participant characteristics.

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Figure 1.

Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to eccentric and concentric arm cycling.

Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05 vs concentric exercise modality.

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Figure 1 Expand

Figure 2.

Energy cost of eccentric and concentric arm cycling.

Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05 vs concentric exercise modality. Horizontal bars represent significant differences between the indicated workloads p<0.05.

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Figure 2 Expand

Figure 3.

Sex differences in efficiency measures of eccentric and concentric arm cycling.

Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *clear difference vs male participants.

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Figure 3 Expand

Figure 4.

Sex differences in cardiovascular measures of eccentric and concentric cycling.

Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *clear difference vs male participants. (A-V)O2, arteriovenous difference.

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Figure 4 Expand

Figure 5.

Absolute power output and oxygen consumption for eccentric and concentric arm cycling.

Data represents all 14 individuals assessed across three relative workloads.

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Figure 5 Expand

Figure 6.

Arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance plots responses to eccentric and concentric arm cycling.

Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05 vs concentric exercise modality. A: Systolic Arterial Pressure; B: Mean Arterial Pressure; C: Systemic Vascular Resistance; Inset: relationship between VO2 (x-axis: L min−1) and Systemic Vascular Resistance (y-axis: dyn·s·cm−5).

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Figure 6 Expand