Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
Figure 1.
Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to eccentric and concentric arm cycling.
Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05 vs concentric exercise modality.
Figure 2.
Energy cost of eccentric and concentric arm cycling.
Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05 vs concentric exercise modality. Horizontal bars represent significant differences between the indicated workloads p<0.05.
Figure 3.
Sex differences in efficiency measures of eccentric and concentric arm cycling.
Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *clear difference vs male participants.
Figure 4.
Sex differences in cardiovascular measures of eccentric and concentric cycling.
Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *clear difference vs male participants. (A-V)O2, arteriovenous difference.
Figure 5.
Absolute power output and oxygen consumption for eccentric and concentric arm cycling.
Data represents all 14 individuals assessed across three relative workloads.
Figure 6.
Arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance plots responses to eccentric and concentric arm cycling.
Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. *p<0.05 vs concentric exercise modality. A: Systolic Arterial Pressure; B: Mean Arterial Pressure; C: Systemic Vascular Resistance; Inset: relationship between VO2 (x-axis: L min−1) and Systemic Vascular Resistance (y-axis: dyn·s·cm−5).