Table 1.
Corporal measurements (LSmeans (−95%CI±95% CI)) at the beginning of experiment (time = 0). N = 19 nests, 76 nestlings.
Figure 1.
Effect of the experimental treatment on immune response calculated from RM-ANOVAs performed for each experimental session.
P-values associated with differences in each experimental session are indicated as ns: P>0.05; st: 0.1≤P≥0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.001 and ***: P<0.0001. Numbers of nests (i.e. those with measurements from the four nestlings) used in each of the comparisons are also shown.
Figure 2.
Effects of the experimental treatment on the immune response according to nestling rank calculated from RM-ANOVAs in the successive experimental sessions.
The significance of interactions between experimental treatment and nestling rank are also shown. P-values associated to LSD post hoc tests (i.e. treatment effect within nestling rank) are indicated as ns: P>0.05; st: 0.1≤P≥0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.001 and ***: P<0.0001.
Table 2.
Final models from analyses (Linear Mixed Models fixed by REML) using measurements from all experimental sessions.
Figure 3.
Effect of the experimental treatment on body condition calculated from RM-ANOVAs over nestling development.
P-values associated with differences in each experimental session are indicated as ns: P>0.05; st: 0.1≤P≥0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.001 and ***: P<0.0001. Numbers of nests (i.e. those with measurements from the four nestlings) used in each comparisons are also shown.
Figure 4.
Effect of the experimental treatment on mass gained by nestlings and calculated from RM-ANOVAs in each experimental session.
P-values are indicated as ns: P>0.05; st: 0.1≤P≥0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.001 and ***: P<0.0001. Numbers of nests (i.e. those with measurements from the four nestlings) used in each one of comparisons are also shown.
Figure 5.
Effect of the experimental treatment on mass excreted by nestlings based on the RM-ANOVAs for each experimental session.
P-values associated to LSD post hoc test are indicated as ns: P>0.05; st: 0.1≤P≥0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.001 and ***: P<0.0001. Numbers of nests (i.e. those with measurements from the four nestlings) used in each comparison are also shown.
Figure 6.
Effects of the experimental treatment on mass excreted by nestlings according to nestling rank calculated from RM-ANOVAs in the experimental sessions where the interaction effects between treatment and nestling rank resulted significant (or almost).
The significance values of interactions between experimental treatment and nestling rank are also shown. P-values associated to LSD post hoc (i.e. treatment effect within nestling rank) tests are indicated as ns: P>0.05; st: 0.1≤P≥0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.001 and ***: P<0.0001.
Figure 7.
Effect of the experimental treatment on metabolic costs of nestlings based on the RM-ANOVAs performed in each experimental session.
P-values are indicated as ns: P>0.05; st: 0.1≤P≥0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.001 and ***: P<0.0001. Numbers of nests (i.e. those with measurements from the four nestlings) used in each comparison are also shown.