Figure 1.
Selection of studies for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
Table 1.
Variables used to analyze influencing factors of GM crop impacts.
Table 2.
Impacts of GM crop adoption by modified trait.
Figure 2.
Average percentage differences between GM and non-GM crops are shown. Results refer to all GM crops, including herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant traits. The number of observations varies by outcome variable; yield: 451; pesticide quantity: 121; pesticide cost: 193; total production cost: 115; farmer profit: 136. *** indicates statistical significance at the 1% level.
Table 3.
Factors influencing results on GM crop impacts (%).