Figure 1.
Study area settings: a) LDRV location on the southeastern coast of Brazil in the Doce River Basin (State of Espírito Santo); b) the LDRV Lake District, with its “lakescape”; c) Lake Palmas and its watershed and height curves; d) echosounding transects for hydrographic survey of Lake Palmas.
Figure 2.
Regional mean monthly rainfall (1947 to 2013) and mean monthly rainfall for the study period (2011 to 2013).
Data from 13 meteorological stations (National Water Agency – ANA).
Figure 3.
Lake Palmas bathymetric map.
Figure 4.
Lake bottom slope (%): a) slope gradient in %; b) reclassified slope: gentle (<5.33%) and steep (>5.33%) slopes.
Figure 5.
Typical vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen with mixing (Zmix) and euphotic (Zeu) zones and Secchi disk depth (SD) at the deepest Lake Palmas sampling site during the wet/warm (a and b) and dry/mild cold (c and d) seasons: a) 03/07/12, b) 03/12/13, c) 07/24/12 and d) 09/04/13.
Figure 6.
Lake littoral zone: a) littoral zone with a threshold of a depth of 10.0 m for the euphotic zone; b) potential submersed macrophyte area with a depth of 10.0 m or less and gentle slopes (<5.33%).
Figure 7.
Wind direction frequency (%) and intensity (m.s−1) from Linhares meteorological station from 2007 to 2009: a) warm and wet months; b) dry/mild cold months.
Figure 8.
Effective fetch (Lef) and wave height (H) models.
a) Lef from NE winds; b) Lef from SE winds; c) wave heights from NE winds; and d) wave heights from SE winds. Contour lines show 0.1 m and km intervals.
Figure 9.
3D view of the terrain model and height profiles: the light blue line refers to the lake level, the dark blue line to sea level.
The cryptal volume is the volume below the dark blue line.